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226 lines
4.7 KiB
Markdown
226 lines
4.7 KiB
Markdown
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---
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language: swift
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contributors:
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- ["Grant Timmerman", "http://github.com/grant"]
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translators:
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- ["Xavier Yao", "http://github.com/xavieryao"]
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filename: learnswift-cn.swift
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---
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Swift 是Apple 开发的用于iOS 和OS X 开发的编程语言。Swift 于2014年Apple WWDC (全球开发者大会)中被引入,用以与Objective-C 共存,同时对错误代码更具弹性。Swift 由Xcode 6 beta 中包含的LLVM编译器编译。
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参阅:Apple's [getting started guide](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/referencelibrary/GettingStarted/LandingPage/index.html) ——一个完整的Swift 教程
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```js
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//
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// 基础
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//
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println("Hello, world")
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var myVariable = 42
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let myConstant = 3.1415926
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let explicitDouble: Double = 70
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let label = "some text " + String(myVariable) // Casting
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let piText = "Pi = \(myConstant)" // String interpolation
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var optionalString: String? = "optional" // Can be nil
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optionalString = nil
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//
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// 数组与字典(关联数组)
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//
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// 数组
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var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "lemons"]
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shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"
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let emptyArray = String[]()
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// 字典
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var occupations = [
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"Malcolm": "Captain",
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"kaylee": "Mechanic"
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]
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occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"
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let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>()
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//
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// 控制流
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//
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// 用于数组的for 循环
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let myArray = [1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
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for value in myArray {
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if value == 1 {
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println("One!")
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} else {
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println("Not one!")
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}
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}
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// 用于字典的for 循环
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for (key, value) in dict {
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println("\(key): \(value)")
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}
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// 用于区间的for 循环
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for i in -1...1 { // [-1, 0, 1]
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println(i)
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}
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// 使用 .. 表示的区间不包含最后一个元素 [-1,0,1)
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// while 循环
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var i = 1
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while i < 1000 {
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i *= 2
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}
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// do-while 循环
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do {
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println("hello")
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} while 1 == 2
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// Switch
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let vegetable = "red pepper"
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switch vegetable {
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case "celery":
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let vegetableComment = "Add some raisins and make ants on a log."
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case "cucumber", "watercress":
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let vegetableComment = "That would make a good tea sandwich."
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case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"):
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let vegetableComment = "Is it a spicy \(x)?"
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default: // 必须 (为了覆盖所有可能的输入)
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let vegetableComment = "Everything tastes good in soup."
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}
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//
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// 函数
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//
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// 函数是一等类型,这意味着可以在函数中构建函数
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// 并且可以被传递
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// 函数
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func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String {
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return "Hello \(name), today is \(day)."
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}
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greet("Bob", "Tuesday")
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// 使用多元数组返回多返回值的函数
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func getGasPrices() -> (Double, Double, Double) {
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return (3.59, 3.69, 3.79)
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}
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// 不定参数
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func setup(numbers: Int...) {}
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// 传递、返回函数
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func makeIncrementer() -> (Int -> Int) {
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func addOne(number: Int) -> Int {
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return 1 + number
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}
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return addOne
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}
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var increment = makeIncrementer()
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increment(7)
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//
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// 闭包
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//
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// 函数是特殊的闭包({})
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// 闭包示例.
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// `->` 分隔参数和返回类型
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// `in` 分隔闭包头和闭包体
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numbers.map({
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(number: Int) -> Int in
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let result = 3 * number
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return result
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})
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// 当类型已知时,可以这样做:
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var numbers = [1, 2, 6]
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numbers = numbers.map({ number in 3 * number })
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print(numbers) // [3, 6, 18]
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//
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// 类
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//
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// 类的全部方法和属性都是public 的
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// 如果你在一个数据结构中只需储存数据,
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// 应使用 `struct`
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// 集成自`Shape` 类的简单的类`Square
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class Rect: Shape {
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var sideLength: Int = 1
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// Custom getter and setter property
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var perimeter: Int {
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get {
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return 4 * sideLength
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}
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set {
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sideLength = newValue / 4
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}
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}
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init(sideLength: Int) {
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super.init()
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self.sideLength = sideLength
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}
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func shrink() {
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if sideLength > 0 {
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--sideLength
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}
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}
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override func getArea() -> Int {
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return sideLength * sideLength
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}
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}
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var mySquare = new Square(sideLength: 5)
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print(mySquare.getArea()) // 25
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mySquare.shrink()
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print(mySquare.sideLength) // 4
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// 如果你不需要自定义getter 和setter,
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// 但仍希望在获取或设置一个属性之前或之后运行
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// 一些代码,你可以使用`willSet` 和 `didSet`
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//
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// 枚举类型
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//
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// 枚举类型可以是某种指定的类型,抑或自成一种类型
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// 像类一样,枚举类型可以包含方法
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enum Suit {
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case Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs
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func getIcon() -> String {
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switch self {
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case .Spades: return "♤"
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case .Hearts: return "♡"
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case .Diamonds: return "♢"
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case .Clubs: return "♧"
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}
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}
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}
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//
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// 其它
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//
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// `协议(protocol)`: 与Java 的接口(Interface) 类似.
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// `扩展(extension)`: 为现有类型添加额外特性
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// 泛型: 与Java 相似。使用`where` 关键字指定
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// 泛型的要求.
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```
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