2013-09-05 10:23:34 +00:00
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---
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name: perl
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category: language
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language: perl
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2013-09-09 05:05:15 +00:00
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filename: learnperl-cn.pl
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2013-09-05 10:23:34 +00:00
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contributors:
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- ["Korjavin Ivan", "http://github.com/korjavin"]
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translators:
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- ["Yadong Wen", "https://github.com/yadongwen"]
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2013-09-09 05:05:15 +00:00
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lang: zh-cn
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2013-09-05 10:23:34 +00:00
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---
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2020-06-10 10:48:01 +00:00
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Perl 是一个功能强大、特性齐全的编程语言,有25年的历史。
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2013-09-05 10:23:34 +00:00
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2020-06-10 10:48:01 +00:00
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Perl 可以在包括便携式设备和大型机的超过100个平台上运行,既适用于快速原型构建,也适用于大型项目开发。
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2013-09-05 10:23:34 +00:00
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```perl
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# 单行注释以#号开头
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#### Perl的变量类型
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# 变量以$号开头。
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# 合法变量名以英文字母或者下划线起始,
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# 后接任意数目的字母、数字或下划线。
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### Perl有三种主要的变量类型:标量、数组和哈希。
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## 标量
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# 标量类型代表单个值:
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my $animal = "camel";
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my $answer = 42;
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# 标量类型值可以是字符串、整型或浮点类型,Perl会根据需要自动进行类型转换。
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## 数组
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# 数组类型代表一列值:
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my @animals = ("camel", "llama", "owl");
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my @numbers = (23, 42, 69);
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my @mixed = ("camel", 42, 1.23);
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## 哈希
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# 哈希类型代表一个键/值对的集合:
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my %fruit_color = ("apple", "red", "banana", "yellow");
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# 可以使用空格和“=>”操作符更清晰的定义哈希:
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my %fruit_color = (
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apple => "red",
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banana => "yellow",
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);
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# perldata中有标量、数组和哈希更详细的介绍。 (perldoc perldata).
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# 可以用引用构建更复杂的数据类型,比如嵌套的列表和哈希。
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#### 逻辑和循环结构
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# Perl有大多数常见的逻辑和循环控制结构
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if ( $var ) {
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...
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} elsif ( $var eq 'bar' ) {
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...
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} else {
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...
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}
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unless ( condition ) {
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...
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}
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# 上面这个比"if (!condition)"更可读。
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# 有Perl特色的后置逻辑结构
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print "Yow!" if $zippy;
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print "We have no bananas" unless $bananas;
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# while
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while ( condition ) {
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...
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}
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# for和foreach
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for ($i = 0; $i <= $max; $i++) {
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...
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}
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foreach (@array) {
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print "This element is $_\n";
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}
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#### 正则表达式
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# Perl对正则表达式有深入广泛的支持,perlrequick和perlretut等文档有详细介绍。简单来说:
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# 简单匹配
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if (/foo/) { ... } # 如果 $_ 包含"foo"逻辑为真
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if ($a =~ /foo/) { ... } # 如果 $a 包含"foo"逻辑为真
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# 简单替换
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$a =~ s/foo/bar/; # 将$a中的foo替换为bar
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$a =~ s/foo/bar/g; # 将$a中所有的foo替换为bar
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#### 文件和输入输出
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# 可以使用“open()”函数打开文件用于输入输出。
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open(my $in, "<", "input.txt") or die "Can't open input.txt: $!";
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open(my $out, ">", "output.txt") or die "Can't open output.txt: $!";
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open(my $log, ">>", "my.log") or die "Can't open my.log: $!";
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# 可以用"<>"操作符读取一个打开的文件句柄。 在标量语境下会读取一行,
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# 在列表环境下会将整个文件读入并将每一行赋给列表的一个元素:
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my $line = <$in>;
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my @lines = <$in>;
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#### 子程序
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# 写子程序很简单:
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sub logger {
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my $logmessage = shift;
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open my $logfile, ">>", "my.log" or die "Could not open my.log: $!";
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print $logfile $logmessage;
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}
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# 现在可以像内置函数一样调用子程序:
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logger("We have a logger subroutine!");
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```
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#### 使用Perl模块
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Perl模块提供一系列特性来帮助你避免重新发明轮子,CPAN是下载模块的好地方( http://www.cpan.org/ )。Perl发行版本身也包含很多流行的模块。
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perlfaq有很多常见问题和相应回答,也经常有对优秀CPAN模块的推荐介绍。
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#### 深入阅读
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- [perl-tutorial](http://perl-tutorial.org/)
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- [www.perl.com的learn站点](http://www.perl.org/learn.html)
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- [perldoc](http://perldoc.perl.org/)
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- 以及 perl 内置的: `perldoc perlintro`
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