diff --git a/c++.html.markdown b/c++.html.markdown
index b59635f5..e5eceac1 100644
--- a/c++.html.markdown
+++ b/c++.html.markdown
@@ -159,9 +159,9 @@ void foo()
int main()
{
- // Includes all symbols from `namesapce Second` into the current scope. Note
- // that simply `foo()` no longer works, since it is now ambiguous whether
- // we're calling the `foo` in `namespace Second` or the top level.
+ // Includes all symbols from namespace Second into the current scope. Note
+ // that simply foo() no longer works, since it is now ambiguous whether
+ // we're calling the foo in namespace Second or the top level.
using namespace Second;
Second::foo(); // prints "This is Second::foo"
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ string tempObjectFun() { ... }
string retVal = tempObjectFun();
// What happens in the second line is actually:
-// - a string object is returned from `tempObjectFun`
+// - a string object is returned from tempObjectFun
// - a new string is constructed with the returned object as arugment to the
// constructor
// - the returned object is destroyed
@@ -268,15 +268,15 @@ string retVal = tempObjectFun();
// code:
foo(bar(tempObjectFun()))
-// assuming `foo` and `bar` exist, the object returned from `tempObjectFun` is
-// passed to `bar`, and it is destroyed before `foo` is called.
+// assuming foo and bar exist, the object returned from tempObjectFun is
+// passed to bar, and it is destroyed before foo is called.
// Now back to references. The exception to the "at the end of the enclosing
// expression" rule is if a temporary object is bound to a const reference, in
// which case its life gets extended to the current scope:
void constReferenceTempObjectFun() {
- // `constRef` gets the temporary object, and it is valid until the end of this
+ // constRef gets the temporary object, and it is valid until the end of this
// function.
const string& constRef = tempObjectFun();
...
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ basic_string(basic_string&& other);
// Idea being if we are constructing a new string from a temporary object (which
// is going to be destroyed soon anyway), we can have a more efficient
// constructor that "salvages" parts of that temporary string. You will see this
-// concept referred to as the move semantic.
+// concept referred to as "move semantics".
//////////////////////////////////////////
// Classes and object-oriented programming
@@ -349,10 +349,10 @@ public:
// These are called when an object is deleted or falls out of scope.
// This enables powerful paradigms such as RAII
// (see below)
- // Destructors should be virtual if a class is to be derived from;
- // if they are not virtual, then any resources allocated using RAII in
- // the derived class will not be released if it destroyed through a
- // base-class reference or pointer.
+ // The destructor should be virtual if a class is to be derived from;
+ // if it is not virtual, then the derived class' destructor will
+ // not be called if the object is destroyed through a base-class reference
+ // or pointer.
virtual ~Dog();
}; // A semicolon must follow the class definition.
@@ -495,9 +495,10 @@ int main () {
/////////////////////
// Templates in C++ are mostly used for generic programming, though they are
-// much more powerful than generics constructs in other languages. It also
-// supports explicit and partial specialization, functional-style type classes,
-// and also it's Turing-complete.
+// much more powerful than generic constructs in other languages. They also
+// support explicit and partial specialization and functional-style type
+// classes; in fact, they are a Turing-complete functional language embedded
+// in C++!
// We start with the kind of generic programming you might be familiar with. To
// define a class or function that takes a type parameter:
@@ -509,7 +510,7 @@ public:
};
// During compilation, the compiler actually generates copies of each template
-// with parameters substituted, and so the full definition of the class must be
+// with parameters substituted, so the full definition of the class must be
// present at each invocation. This is why you will see template classes defined
// entirely in header files.
@@ -523,13 +524,13 @@ intBox.insert(123);
Box > boxOfBox;
boxOfBox.insert(intBox);
-// Up until C++11, you must place a space between the two '>'s, otherwise '>>'
-// will be parsed as the right shift operator.
+// Until C++11, you had to place a space between the two '>'s, otherwise '>>'
+// would be parsed as the right shift operator.
// You will sometimes see
// template
-// instead. The 'class' keyword and 'typename' keyword are _mostly_
-// interchangeable in this case. For full explanation, see
+// instead. The 'class' keyword and 'typename' keywords are _mostly_
+// interchangeable in this case. For the full explanation, see
// http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typename
// (yes, that keyword has its own Wikipedia page).
@@ -585,12 +586,15 @@ try {
// Do not allocate exceptions on the heap using _new_.
throw std::runtime_error("A problem occurred");
}
+
// Catch exceptions by const reference if they are objects
catch (const std::exception& ex)
{
- std::cout << ex.what();
+ std::cout << ex.what();
+}
+
// Catches any exception not caught by previous _catch_ blocks
-} catch (...)
+catch (...)
{
std::cout << "Unknown exception caught";
throw; // Re-throws the exception
@@ -600,8 +604,8 @@ catch (const std::exception& ex)
// RAII
///////
-// RAII stands for Resource Allocation Is Initialization.
-// It is often considered the most powerful paradigm in C++,
+// RAII stands for "Resource Acquisition Is Initialization".
+// It is often considered the most powerful paradigm in C++
// and is the simple concept that a constructor for an object
// acquires that object's resources and the destructor releases them.
@@ -622,9 +626,9 @@ void doSomethingWithAFile(const char* filename)
// Unfortunately, things are quickly complicated by error handling.
// Suppose fopen can fail, and that doSomethingWithTheFile and
// doSomethingElseWithIt return error codes if they fail.
-// (Exceptions are the preferred way of handling failure,
-// but some programmers, especially those with a C background,
-// disagree on the utility of exceptions).
+// (Exceptions are the preferred way of handling failure,
+// but some programmers, especially those with a C background,
+// disagree on the utility of exceptions).
// We now have to check each call for failure and close the file handle
// if a problem occurred.
bool doSomethingWithAFile(const char* filename)
@@ -744,15 +748,17 @@ class FooSub : public Foo {
// 0 == false == NULL (most of the time)!
bool* pt = new bool;
-*pt = 0; // Sets the value points by 'pt' to false.
+*pt = 0; // Sets the value points by 'pt' to false.
pt = 0; // Sets 'pt' to the null pointer. Both lines compile without warnings.
// nullptr is supposed to fix some of that issue:
int* pt2 = new int;
-*pt2 = nullptr; // Doesn't compile
+*pt2 = nullptr; // Doesn't compile
pt2 = nullptr; // Sets pt2 to null.
-// But somehow 'bool' type is an exception (this is to make `if (ptr)` compile).
+// There is an exception made for bools.
+// This is to allow you to test for null pointers with if(!ptr),
+// but as a consequence you can assign nullptr to a bool directly!
*pt = nullptr; // This still compiles, even though '*pt' is a bool!
@@ -779,12 +785,12 @@ vector v;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
v.push_back(Foo());
-// Following line sets size of v to 0, but destructors don't get called,
+// Following line sets size of v to 0, but destructors don't get called
// and resources aren't released!
v.empty();
-v.push_back(Foo()); // New value is copied into the first Foo we inserted in the loop.
+v.push_back(Foo()); // New value is copied into the first Foo we inserted
-// Truly destroys all values in v. See section about temporary object for
+// Truly destroys all values in v. See section about temporary objects for
// explanation of why this works.
v.swap(vector());