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@ -34,11 +34,11 @@ enum days {SUN = 1, MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT};
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// (File names between <angle brackets> are headers from the C standard library.)
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// (File names between <angle brackets> are headers from the C standard library.)
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// For your own headers, use double quotes instead of angle brackets:
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// For your own headers, use double quotes instead of angle brackets:
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#include "my_header.h"
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//#include "my_header.h"
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// Declare function signatures in advance in a .h file, or at the top of
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// Declare function signatures in advance in a .h file, or at the top of
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// your .c file.
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// your .c file.
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void function_1(char c);
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void function_1();
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int function_2(void);
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int function_2(void);
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// Must declare a 'function prototype' before main() when functions occur after
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// Must declare a 'function prototype' before main() when functions occur after
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@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ int main() {
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unsigned long long ux_long_long;
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unsigned long long ux_long_long;
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// chars inside single quotes are integers in machine's character set.
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// chars inside single quotes are integers in machine's character set.
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'0' // => 48 in the ASCII character set.
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'0'; // => 48 in the ASCII character set.
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'A' // => 65 in the ASCII character set.
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'A'; // => 65 in the ASCII character set.
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// sizeof(T) gives you the size of a variable with type T in bytes
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// sizeof(T) gives you the size of a variable with type T in bytes
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// sizeof(obj) yields the size of the expression (variable, literal, etc.).
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// sizeof(obj) yields the size of the expression (variable, literal, etc.).
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@ -127,8 +127,8 @@ int main() {
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fgets(buf, sizeof buf, stdin);
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fgets(buf, sizeof buf, stdin);
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// strtoul parses a string to an unsigned integer
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// strtoul parses a string to an unsigned integer
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size_t size = strtoul(buf, NULL, 10);
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size_t size2 = strtoul(buf, NULL, 10);
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int var_length_array[size]; // declare the VLA
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int var_length_array[size2]; // declare the VLA
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printf("sizeof array = %zu\n", sizeof var_length_array);
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printf("sizeof array = %zu\n", sizeof var_length_array);
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// A possible outcome of this program may be:
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// A possible outcome of this program may be:
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@ -166,8 +166,8 @@ int main() {
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int i1 = 1, i2 = 2;
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int i1 = 1, i2 = 2;
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float f1 = 1.0, f2 = 2.0;
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float f1 = 1.0, f2 = 2.0;
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int a, b, c;
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int b, c;
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a = b = c = 0;
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b = c = 0;
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// Arithmetic is straightforward
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// Arithmetic is straightforward
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i1 + i2; // => 3
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i1 + i2; // => 3
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@ -194,9 +194,8 @@ int main() {
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2 >= 2; // => 1
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2 >= 2; // => 1
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// C is not Python - comparisons don't chain.
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// C is not Python - comparisons don't chain.
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int a = 1;
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// WRONG:
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// WRONG:
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int between_0_and_2 = 0 < a < 2;
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//int between_0_and_2 = 0 < a < 2;
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// Correct:
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// Correct:
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int between_0_and_2 = 0 < a && a < 2;
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int between_0_and_2 = 0 < a && a < 2;
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@ -209,8 +208,8 @@ int main() {
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0 || 0; // => 0
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0 || 0; // => 0
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//Conditional expression ( ? : )
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//Conditional expression ( ? : )
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int a = 5;
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int e = 5;
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int b = 10;
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int f = 10;
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int z;
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int z;
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z = (a > b) ? a : b; // => 10 "if a > b return a, else return b."
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z = (a > b) ? a : b; // => 10 "if a > b return a, else return b."
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@ -280,7 +279,7 @@ int main() {
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}
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}
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// branching with multiple choices: switch()
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// branching with multiple choices: switch()
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switch (some_integral_expression) {
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switch (a) {
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case 0: // labels need to be integral *constant* expressions
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case 0: // labels need to be integral *constant* expressions
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do_stuff();
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do_stuff();
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break; // if you don't break, control flow falls over labels
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break; // if you don't break, control flow falls over labels
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@ -372,11 +371,11 @@ int main() {
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int (*ptr_to_arr)[10] = &arr; // &arr is NOT of type `int *`!
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int (*ptr_to_arr)[10] = &arr; // &arr is NOT of type `int *`!
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// It's of type "pointer to array" (of ten `int`s).
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// It's of type "pointer to array" (of ten `int`s).
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// or when the array is a string literal used for initializing a char array:
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// or when the array is a string literal used for initializing a char array:
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char arr[] = "foobarbazquirk";
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char otherarr[] = "foobarbazquirk";
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// or when it's the argument of the `sizeof` or `alignof` operator:
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// or when it's the argument of the `sizeof` or `alignof` operator:
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int arr[10];
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int arraythethird[10];
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int *ptr = arr; // equivalent with int *ptr = &arr[0];
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int *ptr = arraythethird; // equivalent with int *ptr = &arr[0];
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printf("%zu, %zu\n", sizeof arr, sizeof ptr); // probably prints "40, 4" or "40, 8"
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printf("%zu, %zu\n", sizeof arraythethird, sizeof ptr); // probably prints "40, 4" or "40, 8"
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// Pointers are incremented and decremented based on their type
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// Pointers are incremented and decremented based on their type
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@ -432,7 +431,7 @@ int add_two_ints(int x1, int x2)
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/*
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/*
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Functions are call by value. When a function is called, the arguments passed to
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Functions are call by value. When a function is called, the arguments passed to
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the function are copies of the original arguments (except arrays). Anything you
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≈the function are copies of the original arguments (except arrays). Anything you
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do to the arguments in the function do not change the value of the original
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do to the arguments in the function do not change the value of the original
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argument where the function was called.
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argument where the function was called.
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@ -467,9 +466,9 @@ void testFunc() {
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}
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}
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//make external variables private to source file with static:
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//make external variables private to source file with static:
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static int i = 0; //other files using testFunc() cannot access variable i
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static int j = 0; //other files using testFunc() cannot access variable i
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void testFunc() {
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void testFunc2() {
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extern int i;
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extern int j;
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}
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}
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//**You may also declare functions as static to make them private**
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//**You may also declare functions as static to make them private**
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@ -523,7 +522,7 @@ int area(rect r)
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// if you have large structs, you can pass them "by pointer" to avoid copying
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// if you have large structs, you can pass them "by pointer" to avoid copying
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// the whole struct:
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// the whole struct:
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int area(const rect *r)
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int areaptr(const rect *r)
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{
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{
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return r->width * r->height;
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return r->width * r->height;
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}
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}
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@ -560,36 +559,37 @@ typedef void (*my_fnp_type)(char *);
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// my_fnp_type f;
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// my_fnp_type f;
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//Special characters:
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//Special characters:
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'\a' // alert (bell) character
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/*
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'\n' // newline character
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'\a'; // alert (bell) character
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'\t' // tab character (left justifies text)
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'\n'; // newline character
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'\v' // vertical tab
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'\t'; // tab character (left justifies text)
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'\f' // new page (form feed)
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'\v'; // vertical tab
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'\r' // carriage return
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'\f'; // new page (form feed)
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'\b' // backspace character
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'\r'; // carriage return
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'\0' // NULL character. Usually put at end of strings in C.
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'\b'; // backspace character
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'\0'; // NULL character. Usually put at end of strings in C.
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// hello\n\0. \0 used by convention to mark end of string.
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// hello\n\0. \0 used by convention to mark end of string.
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'\\' // backslash
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'\\'; // backslash
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'\?' // question mark
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'\?'; // question mark
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'\'' // single quote
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'\''; // single quote
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'\"' // double quote
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'\"'; // double quote
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'\xhh' // hexadecimal number. Example: '\xb' = vertical tab character
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'\xhh'; // hexadecimal number. Example: '\xb' = vertical tab character
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'\ooo' // octal number. Example: '\013' = vertical tab character
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'\ooo'; // octal number. Example: '\013' = vertical tab character
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//print formatting:
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//print formatting:
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"%d" // integer
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"%d"; // integer
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"%3d" // integer with minimum of length 3 digits (right justifies text)
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"%3d"; // integer with minimum of length 3 digits (right justifies text)
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"%s" // string
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"%s"; // string
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"%f" // float
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"%f"; // float
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"%ld" // long
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"%ld"; // long
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"%3.2f" // minimum 3 digits left and 2 digits right decimal float
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"%3.2f"; // minimum 3 digits left and 2 digits right decimal float
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"%7.4s" // (can do with strings too)
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"%7.4s"; // (can do with strings too)
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"%c" // char
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"%c"; // char
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"%p" // pointer
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"%p"; // pointer
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"%x" // hexadecimal
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"%x"; // hexadecimal
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"%o" // octal
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"%o"; // octal
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"%%" // prints %
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"%%"; // prints %
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*/
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///////////////////////////////////////
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///////////////////////////////////////
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// Order of Evaluation
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// Order of Evaluation
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///////////////////////////////////////
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///////////////////////////////////////
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