Added Templates to C++ Tutorial (#1576)

* Created a simple CMake tutorial

* Added resources

* Added Templates section to C++ tutorial

cmake.html.markdown

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+---
+language: cmake
+contributors:
+    - ["Bruno Alano", "https://github.com/brunoalano"]
+filename: CMake
+---
+
+CMake it's a cross-platform, open-source build system. This tool will allow you
+to test, compile and create packages of your source code.
+
+The problem that CMake tries to solve it's the problem of Makefiles and
+Autoconfigure on cross-platform (different make interpreters have different
+command) and the ease-of-use on linking 3rd party libraries.
+
+CMake is an extensible, open-source system that manages the build process in
+an operating system and in a compiler-independent manner. Unlike many
+cross-platform systems, CMake is designed to be used in conjunction with the
+native build environment. Simple configuration files placed in each source 
+directory (called CMakeLists.txt files) are used to generate standard build
+files (e.g., makefiles on Unix and projects/workspaces in Windows MSVC) which
+are used in the usual way.
+
+```cmake
+# In CMake, this is a comment
+
+# To run our code, we will use these steps:
+#  - mkdir build && cd build
+#  - cmake ..
+#  - make
+# 
+# With those steps, we will follow the best pratice to compile into a subdir
+# and the second line will request to CMake to generate a new OS-dependant
+# Makefile. Finally, run the native Make command.
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Basic
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+# The CMake file MUST be named as "CMakeLists.txt".
+
+# Setup the minimum version required of CMake to generate the Makefile
+cmake_minimum_required (VERSION 2.8)
+
+# Raises a FATAL_ERROR if version < 2.8
+cmake_minimum_required (VERSION 2.8 FATAL_ERROR)
+
+# We setup the name for our project. After we do that, this will change some
+# directories naming convention genearted by CMake. We can send the LANG of
+# code as second param
+project (learncmake C)
+
+# Set the project source dir (just convention)
+set( LEARN_CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR} )
+set( LEARN_CMAKE_BINARY_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR} )
+
+# It's useful to setup the current version of our code in the build system
+# using a `semver` style
+set (LEARN_CMAKE_VERSION_MAJOR 1)
+set (LEARN_CMAKE_VERSION_MINOR 0)
+set (LEARN_CMAKE_VERSION_PATCH 0)
+
+# Send the variables (version number) to source code header
+configure_file (
+  "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/TutorialConfig.h.in"
+  "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/TutorialConfig.h"
+)
+
+# Include Directories
+# In GCC, this will invoke the "-I" command
+include_directories( include )
+
+# Where are the additional libraries installed? Note: provide includes
+# path here, subsequent checks will resolve everything else
+set( CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${CMAKE_MODULE_PATH} "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/CMake/modules/" )
+
+# Conditions
+if ( CONDITION )
+  # Output!
+
+  # Incidental information
+  message(STATUS "My message")
+
+  # CMake Warning, continue processing
+  message(WARNING "My message")
+
+  # CMake Warning (dev), continue processing
+  message(AUTHOR_WARNING "My message")
+
+  # CMake Error, continue processing, but skip generation
+  message(SEND_ERROR "My message")
+
+  # CMake Error, stop processing and generation
+  message(FATAL_ERROR "My message")
+endif()
+
+if( CONDITION )
+
+elseif( CONDITION )
+
+else( CONDITION )
+
+endif( CONDITION )
+
+# Loops
+foreach(loop_var arg1 arg2 ...)
+  COMMAND1(ARGS ...)
+  COMMAND2(ARGS ...)
+  ...
+endforeach(loop_var)
+
+foreach(loop_var RANGE total)
+foreach(loop_var RANGE start stop [step])
+
+foreach(loop_var IN [LISTS [list1 [...]]]
+                    [ITEMS [item1 [...]]])
+
+while(condition)
+  COMMAND1(ARGS ...)
+  COMMAND2(ARGS ...)
+  ...
+endwhile(condition)
+
+
+# Logic Operations
+if(FALSE AND (FALSE OR TRUE))
+  message("Don't display!")
+endif()
+
+# Set a normal, cache, or environment variable to a given value.
+# If the PARENT_SCOPE option is given the variable will be set in the scope
+# above the current scope.
+# `set(<variable> <value>... [PARENT_SCOPE])`
+
+# How to reference variables inside quoted and unquoted arguments
+# A variable reference is replaced by the value of the variable, or by the
+# empty string if the variable is not set
+${variable_name}
+
+# Lists
+# Setup the list of source files
+set( LEARN_CMAKE_SOURCES 
+  src/main.c
+  src/imagem.c
+  src/pather.c
+)
+
+# Calls the compiler
+#
+# ${PROJECT_NAME} refers to Learn_CMake 
+add_executable( ${PROJECT_NAME} ${LEARN_CMAKE_SOURCES} )
+
+# Link the libraries
+target_link_libraries( ${PROJECT_NAME} ${LIBS} m )
+
+# Where are the additional libraries installed? Note: provide includes
+# path here, subsequent checks will resolve everything else
+set( CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${CMAKE_MODULE_PATH} "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/CMake/modules/" )
+
+# Compiler Condition (gcc ; g++)
+if ( "${CMAKE_C_COMPILER_ID}" STREQUAL "GNU" )
+  message( STATUS "Setting the flags for ${CMAKE_C_COMPILER_ID} compiler" )
+  add_definitions( --std=c99 )
+endif()
+
+# Check for OS
+if( UNIX )
+    set( LEARN_CMAKE_DEFINITIONS
+        "${LEARN_CMAKE_DEFINITIONS} -Wall -Wextra -Werror -Wno-deprecated-declarations -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-comment" )
+endif()
+```
+
+### More Resources
+
++ [cmake tutorial](https://cmake.org/cmake-tutorial/)
++ [cmake documentation](https://cmake.org/documentation/)
++ [mastering cmake](http://amzn.com/1930934319/)

pt-br/c++-pt.html.markdown

@@ -581,6 +581,31 @@ void doSomethingWithAFile(const std::string& filename)
 //   vetor (i.e. array de autodimensionamento), mapas hash, e assim por diante
 //   tudo é automaticamente destruído quando eles saem de escopo
 // - Mutex usa lock_guard e unique_lock
+
+
+/////////////////////
+// Templates
+/////////////////////
+
+// Templates em C++ são utilizados para programação genérica, ou seja,
+// utilizar um tipo de dado genérico onde possa suportar qualquer entrada.
+// Por exemplo, invés de criar uma função que apenas some inteiros, você
+// poderá fazer uma função que soma double, float e inteiros em uma única
+// definição para reutilizar código.
+
+// Definimos um função que utiliza um "typename"
+template<class T>
+T soma(T a, T b) {
+  return A + B;
+}
+
+// E agora para executá-la
+int i=5, j=6, k;
+double f=2.0, g=0.5, h;
+k=sum<int>(i,j);
+h=sum<double>(f,g);
+
+// Deste modo, não precisamos fazer overload nas funções! (:
 ```
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