diff --git a/nim.html.markdown b/nim.html.markdown index 69d0f804..edbbd92c 100644 --- a/nim.html.markdown +++ b/nim.html.markdown @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ --- -language: nim +language: Nim filename: learnNim.nim contributors: - ["Jason J. Ayala P.", "http://JasonAyala.com"] @@ -14,20 +14,12 @@ Nim is efficient, expressive, and elegant. ```nimrod -var x: int # Declare a variable and its type -x = 1 # Assign it a value -var z = "Yep" # Declare and assign, with or without type annotations - -var # Several, with or without type annotations - letter: char = 'n' # One byte character - lang = "Nimrod" # string - truth: bool = false # Common boolean operators: `and` `not` `or` - seconds: int = 42 - thoughts = """ -A great programming language -that everyone can enjoy! -""" # Multiline raw strings +var # Declare and assign several variables, + letter: char = 'n' # with or without type annotations + lang = "Nimrod" boat: float + truth: bool = false + seconds: int = 42 let # Use let to declare and bind an variable *once*. legs = 400 # legs is immutable. @@ -46,19 +38,20 @@ discard 1 > 2 # The compiler will complain if the result of an expression # is unused. `discard` bypasses this. discard """ -This can work as a -multiline comment +This can work as a multiline comment. +Or for unparsable, broken code """ # # Common Operations on Basic Types # +# Strings let - phrase = "Nim is a progamming language" + phrase = "Nim is a" nim = phrase[0..5] - -# TODO More common operations? + fullPhrase = phrase & "programming language." + length = len(fullPhrase) # Or: fullPhrase.len # # Data Structures @@ -90,7 +83,7 @@ drinks = @["Water", "Juice", "Chocolate"] # @[V1,..,Vn] is the sequence literal type Name = string # A type alias gives you a new type that is interchangable - Age = int # with the old type but is more descriptive. + Age = int # with the old type but is more descriptive. Person = tuple[name: Name, age: Age] # Define data structures too. LongTuple = tuple fieldOne: string @@ -103,11 +96,11 @@ var john.age = newage # But still works because int and Age are synonyms type - Cash = distinct int # `distinct` makes a new type incompatible with it's + Cash = distinct int # `distinct` makes a new type incompatible with its Desc = distinct string # base type. var - money: Cash = 100.Cash # `.Cash` converts the int to our type + money: Cash = 100.Cash # `.Cash` converts the int to our type description: Desc = "Interesting".Desc when compileBadCode: @@ -121,7 +114,7 @@ when compileBadCode: # Enumerations allow a type to be one of a limited number of values type - Color = enum cRed, cBlue, cGreen + Color = enum cRed, cBlue, cGreen Direction = enum # Alternative formating dNorth dWest @@ -129,7 +122,7 @@ type dSouth var orient = dNorth # `orient` is of type Direction, with the value `dNorth` - pixel = cGreen # `pixel` is of type Color, with the value `cGreen` + pixel = cGreen # `pixel` is of type Color, with the value `cGreen` discard dNorth > dEast # Enums are usually an "ordinal" type @@ -166,7 +159,9 @@ counter[my_roll] += 1 var anotherArray = ["Default index", "starts at", "0"] -# TODO common operations +# More data structures are available, including tables, sets, lists, queues, +# and crit bit trees. +# http://nimrod-lang.org/lib.html#collections-and-algorithms # # IO and Control Flow @@ -183,26 +178,24 @@ of "yes", "Yes": else: echo "That's great; I assume." -# `while`, `if`, `continue`, `break` +# `while`, `if`, `break` -import strutils as str +import strutils as str # http://nimrod-lang.org/strutils.html echo "I'm thinking of a number between 41 and 43. Guess which!" +let number: int = 42 var - number: int = 42 raw_guess: string guess: int while guess != number: raw_guess = readLine(stdin) - if raw_guess == "": - continue # `continue` restarts loop/block guess = str.parseInt(raw_guess) if guess == 1001: echo("AAAAAAGGG!") break elif guess > number: - echo("Too high.") + echo("Nope. Too high.") elif guess < number: - echo("Too low") + echo(guess, " is too low") else: echo("Yeeeeeehaw!") @@ -210,23 +203,25 @@ while guess != number: # Iteration # -# Iterate with the `for` keyword -# TODO `for` examples for strings, arrays, etc +for i, elem in ["Yes", "No", "Maybe so"]: # Or just `for elem in` + echo(elem, " is at index: ", i) -for elem in ["Yes", "No", "Maybe so"]: - echo elem - -# string iterators +for k, v in items(@[(person: "You", power: 100), (person: "Me", power: 9000)]): + echo v let myString = """ -an example -string to +an +`string` to play with -""" +""" # Multiline raw string for line in splitLines(myString): echo(line) +for i, c in myString: # Index and letter. Or `for j in` for just letter + if i mod 2 == 0: continue # Compact `if` form + elif c == 'X': break + else: echo(c) # # Procedures # @@ -244,8 +239,9 @@ proc ask(question: string): Answer = else: echo("Please be clear: yes or no") proc addSugar(amount: int = 2) = # Default amount is 2, returns nothing + assert(amount > 0 or amount < 9000, "Crazy Sugar") for a in 1..amount: - echo a, " sugar..." + echo(a, " sugar...") case ask("Would you like sugar in your tea?") of aYes: @@ -255,8 +251,25 @@ of aNo: addSugar() # No need for an `else` here. only `yes` and `no` are possible. +proc pluralize(a: int): string = + if a > 1 or a == 0: return "s" + else: return "" + +# +# FFI +# + +# Because Nim compiles to C, FFI is easy: + +proc strcmp(a, b: cstring): cint {.importc: "strcmp", nodecl.} + +var cmp = strcmp("C?", "Easy!") + ``` +Additionally, Nim separates itself from its peers with metaprogramming, +performance, and compile-time features. + ## Further Reading * [Home Page](http://nimrod-lang.org) @@ -266,3 +279,4 @@ of aNo: * [Documentation](http://nimrod-lang.org/documentation.html) * [Manual](http://nimrod-lang.org/manual.html) * [Standard Libray](http://nimrod-lang.org/lib.html) +* [Rosetta Code](http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Category:Nimrod)