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Update bash help:
- update examples of array manipulation - move built-in variables section one level up - add note in brace expansion
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@ -102,39 +102,41 @@ echo "${foo:-"DefaultValueIfFooIsMissingOrEmpty"}"
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# This works for null (foo=) and empty string (foo=""); zero (foo=0) returns 0.
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# Note that it only returns default value and doesn't change variable value.
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# Declare an array with 6 elements
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array0=(one two three four five six)
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# Print first element
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echo $array0 # => "one"
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# Print first element
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echo ${array0[0]} # => "one"
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# Print all elements
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echo ${array0[@]} # => "one two three four five six"
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# Print number of elements
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echo ${#array0[@]} # => "6"
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# Print number of characters in third element
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echo ${#array0[2]} # => "5"
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# Print 2 elements starting from fourth
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echo ${array0[@]:3:2} # => "four five"
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# Print all elements. Each of them on new line.
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for i in "${array0[@]}"; do
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echo "$i"
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# Declare an array with 6 elements:
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array=(one two three four five six)
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# Print the first element:
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echo "${array[0]}" # => "one"
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# Print all elements:
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echo "${array[@]}" # => "one two three four five six"
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# Print the number of elements:
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echo "${#array[@]}" # => "6"
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# Print the number of characters in third element
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echo "${#array[2]}" # => "5"
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# Print 2 elements starting from fourth:
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echo "${array[@]:3:2}" # => "four five"
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# Print all elements each of them on new line.
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for item in "${array[@]}"; do
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echo "$item"
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done
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# Brace Expansion { }
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# Used to generate arbitrary strings
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echo {1..10} # => 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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echo {a..z} # => a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
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# This will output the range from the start value to the end value
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# Built-in variables:
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# There are some useful built-in variables, like
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# There are some useful built-in variables, like:
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echo "Last program's return value: $?"
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echo "Script's PID: $$"
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echo "Number of arguments passed to script: $#"
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echo "All arguments passed to script: $@"
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echo "Script's arguments separated into different variables: $1 $2..."
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# Brace Expansion {...}
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# used to generate arbitrary strings:
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echo {1..10} # => 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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echo {a..z} # => a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
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# This will output the range from the start value to the end value.
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# Note that you can't use variables here:
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from=1
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to=10
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echo {$from..$to} # => {$from..$to}
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# Now that we know how to echo and use variables,
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# let's learn some of the other basics of bash!
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