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cobol.md
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name: COBOL name: COBOL
contributors: contributors:
- ["Hyphz", "http://github.com/hyphz/"] - ["Hyphz", "http://github.com/hyphz/"]
filename: learn.COB filename: learn.cob
--- ---
COBOL is a business-oriented language revised multiple times since its original design in 1960. It is claimed to still be used in over 80% of
organizations. COBOL is a business-oriented language revised multiple times since its original design in 1960.
```cobol ```cobol
*COBOL. Coding like it's 1985. *COBOL. Coding like it's 1985.
@ -35,8 +35,9 @@ organizations.
*PROCEDURE DIVISION. *PROCEDURE DIVISION.
*First, we must give our program an ID. *First, we must give our program an ID.
*Identification division can include other values too, *The IDENTIFICATION DIVISION can include other values too,
*but they are comments only. Program-id is the only one that is mandatory. *but they are comments only. PROGRAM-ID is the only one that
*is mandatory.
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. LEARN. PROGRAM-ID. LEARN.
AUTHOR. JOHN DOE. AUTHOR. JOHN DOE.
@ -45,29 +46,27 @@ organizations.
*Let's declare some variables. *Let's declare some variables.
*We do this in the WORKING-STORAGE section within the DATA DIVISION. *We do this in the WORKING-STORAGE section within the DATA DIVISION.
*Each data item (aka variable) starts with a level number, *Each data item (aka variable) starts with a level number,
*then the name of the item, followed by a picture clause *then the name of the item, followed by a PICTURE clause
*describing the type of data that the variable will contain. *describing the type of data that the variable will contain.
*Almost every COBOL programmer will abbreviate PICTURE as PIC. *Almost every COBOL programmer will abbreviate PICTURE as PIC.
*A is for alphabetic, X is for alphanumeric, and 9 is for numeric. *A is for alphabetic, X is for alphanumeric, and 9 is for numeric.
*example: *example:
01 MYNAME PIC xxxxxxxxxx. *> A 10 character string. 01 MYNAME PIC XXXXXXXXXX. *> A 10 character string.
*But counting all those x's can lead to errors, *But counting all those Xs can lead to errors,
*so the above code can, and should *so the above code can be re-written as
*be re-written as:
01 MYNAME PIC X(10). 01 MYNAME PIC X(10).
*Here are some more examples: *Here are some more examples:
01 AGE PIC 9(3). *> A number up to 3 digits. 01 AGE PICTURE 9(3). *> A number up to 3 digits.
01 BIRTH_YEAR PIC S9(7). *> A signed number up to 7 digits.
01 LAST_NAME PIC X(10). *> A string up to 10 characters. 01 LAST_NAME PIC X(10). *> A string up to 10 characters.
*In COBOL, multiple spaces are the same as a single space, so it is common *In COBOL, multiple spaces are the same as a single space, so it
*to use multiple spaces to line up your code so that it is easier for other *is common to use multiple spaces to line up your code so that it
*coders to read. *is easier for other coders to read.
01 inyear picture s9(7). *> S makes number signed.
*> Brackets indicate 7 repeats of 9,
*> ie a 6 digit number (not an array).
*Now let's write some code. Here is a simple, Hello World program. *Now let's write some code. Here is a simple, Hello World program.
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
@ -95,8 +94,8 @@ organizations.
*********PERFORM******************** *********PERFORM********************
*The PERFORM keyword allows you to jump to another specified section of the code, *The PERFORM keyword allows you to jump to another specified
*and then to return to the next executable *section of the code, and then to return to the next executable
*statement once the specified section of code is completed. *statement once the specified section of code is completed.
*You must write the full word, PERFORM, you cannot abbreviate it. *You must write the full word, PERFORM, you cannot abbreviate it.
@ -106,12 +105,14 @@ organizations.
PROCEDURE DIVISION. PROCEDURE DIVISION.
FIRST-PARA. FIRST-PARA.
DISPLAY 'THIS IS IN FIRST-PARA'. DISPLAY 'THIS IS IN FIRST-PARA'.
PERFORM THIRD-PARA THRU FOURTH-PARA. *>skip second-para and perform 3rd & 4th *skip SECOND-PARA and perform 3rd & 4th
*> then after performing third and fourth, *then after performing THIRD-PARA and FOURTH-PARA,
*> return here and continue the program until STOP RUN. *return here and continue the program until STOP RUN.
PERFORM THIRD-PARA THRU FOURTH-PARA.
SECOND-PARA. SECOND-PARA.
DISPLAY 'THIS IS IN SECOND-PARA'. DISPLAY 'THIS IS IN SECOND-PARA'.
STOP RUN. STOP RUN.
THIRD-PARA. THIRD-PARA.
@ -121,22 +122,25 @@ organizations.
DISPLAY 'THIS IS IN FOURTH-PARA'. DISPLAY 'THIS IS IN FOURTH-PARA'.
*When you compile and execute the above program, it produces the following result: *When you compile and execute the above program, it produces the
THIS IS IN FIRST-PARA *following result (note the order):
THIS IS IN THIRD-PARA *THIS IS IN FIRST-PARA
THIS IS IN FOURTH-PARA *THIS IS IN THIRD-PARA
THIS IS IN SECOND-PARA *THIS IS IN FOURTH-PARA
*THIS IS IN SECOND-PARA
**********Combining variables together using STRING *********** **********Combining variables together using STRING ***********
*Now it is time to learn about two related COBOL verbs: string and unstring. *Now it is time to learn about two related COBOL verbs: STRING and
*UNSTRING.
*The string verb is used to concatenate, or put together, two or more strings. *The STRING verb is used to concatenate, or put together, two or
*Unstring is used, not surprisingly, to separate a *more strings.
*UNSTRING is used, not surprisingly, to separate a
*string into two or more smaller strings. *string into two or more smaller strings.
*It is important that you remember to use ‘delimited by’ when you *It is important that you remember to use DELIMITED BY when you
*are using string or unstring in your program. *are using STRING or UNSTRING in your program.
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. LEARNING. PROGRAM-ID. LEARNING.
@ -157,36 +161,37 @@ organizations.
*The above code will output: *The above code will output:
THE FULL NAME IS: BOB COBB *THE FULL NAME IS: BOB COBB
*Let’s examine it to see why. *Let's examine it to see why.
*First, we declared all of our variables, including the one that we are creating *First, we declared all of our variables, including the one that
*by the string command, in the DATA DIVISION. *we are creating by the string command, in the DATA DIVISION.
*The action takes place down in the PROCEDURE DIVISION. *The action takes place down in the PROCEDURE DIVISION.
*We start with the STRING keyword and end with END-STRING. In between we *We start with the STRING keyword and end with END-STRING. In
*list what we want to combine together into the larger, master variable. *between we list what we want to combine together into the larger,
*Here, we are combining FIRST-NAME, a space, and LAST-NAME. *master variable. Here, we are combining FIRST-NAME, a space, and
*LAST-NAME.
*The DELIMITED BY phrase that follows FIRST-NAME and *The DELIMITED BY phrase that follows FIRST-NAME and
*LAST-NAME tells the program how much of each variable we want to capture. *LAST-NAME tells the program how much of each variable we want to
*capture.
*DELIMITED BY SPACE tells the program to start at the beginning, *DELIMITED BY SPACE tells the program to start at the beginning,
*and capture the variable until it runs into a space. *and capture the variable until it runs into a space.
*DELIMITED BY SIZE tells the program to capture the full size of the variable. *DELIMITED BY SIZE tells the program to capture the full size of
*Since we have DELIMITED BY SPACE after FIRST-NAME, the GIBBERISH part is ignored. *the variable.
*Since we have DELIMITED BY SPACE after FIRST-NAME, the GIBBERISH
*To make this clearer, change line 10 in the above code to: *part is ignored.
*To make this clearer, change line 10 in the above code to
STRING FIRST-NAME DELIMITED BY SIZE STRING FIRST-NAME DELIMITED BY SIZE
*and then re-run the program. This time the output is: *and then re-run the program. This time the output is:
*THE FULL NAME IS: BOB GIBBERISH COBB
THE FULL NAME IS: BOB GIBBERISH COBB
``` ```
## Further reading ## Further reading
* [GnuCOBOL](https://sourceforge.net/projects/open-cobol/) * [GnuCOBOL](https://gnucobol.sourceforge.io/)

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zh-cn/cobol.md
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translators: translators:
- ["GOLGO11", "https://github.com/GOLGO11/"] - ["GOLGO11", "https://github.com/GOLGO11/"]
--- ---
COBOL是一门面向商业的语言，它从1960年最初设计以来被修订过数次。它被宣称仍然有超过80%的机构在使用它。
COBOL是一门面向商业的语言，它从1960年最初设计以来被修订过数次。
```cobol ```cobol
*COBOL. 最好是按照它1985年的标准来编程。 *COBOL. 最好是按照它1985年的标准来编程。
@ -179,5 +180,4 @@ COBOL是一门面向商业的语言，它从1960年最初设计以来被修订
## 想了解更多吗? ## 想了解更多吗?
* [GnuCOBOL](https://sourceforge.net/projects/open-cobol/) * [GnuCOBOL](https://gnucobol.sourceforge.io/)