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@ -4,17 +4,78 @@ tool: ansible
contributors: contributors:
- ["Jakub Muszynski" , "http://github.com/sirkubax"] - ["Jakub Muszynski" , "http://github.com/sirkubax"]
- ["Pat Myron" , "https://github.com/patmyron"] - ["Pat Myron" , "https://github.com/patmyron"]
- ["Divay Prakash", "https://github.com/divayprakash"]
filename: LearnAnsible.txt filename: LearnAnsible.txt
--- ---
## Introduction
```yaml ```yaml
--- ---
"{{ Ansible }}" is an orchestration tool written in Python. "{{ Ansible }}" is an orchestration tool written in Python.
...
``` ```
Ansible is (one of many) orchestration tools. It allows you to control your
environment (infrastructure and code) and automate the manual tasks.
'You can think as simple as writing in bash with python API,
Of course the rabbit hole is way deeper.'
Ansible has great integration with multiple operating systems (even Windows)
and some hardware (switches, Firewalls, etc). It has multiple tools that
integrate with the cloud providers. Almost every noteworthy cloud provider is
present in the ecosystem (AWS, Azure, Google, DigitalOcean, OVH, etc...).
But ansible is way more! It provides an execution plans, an API, library,
callbacks, not forget to mention - COMMUNITY! and great support by developers!
### Main pros and cons
#### Pros
* It is an agent-less tools In most scenarios, it use ssh as a transport layer.
In some way you can use it as 'bash on steroids'.
* It is very easy to start. If you are familiar with ssh concept - you already
know Ansible (ALMOST).
* It executes 'as is' - other tools (salt, puppet, chef - might execute in
different scenario than you would expect)
* Documentation is at the world-class standard!
* The community (github, stackOverflow) would help you very fast.
* Writing your own modules and extensions is fairly easy.
* Ansible AWX is the open source version of Ansible Tower we have been waiting
for, which provides an excellent UI.
#### Cons
* It is an agent-less tool - every agent consumes up to 16MB ram - in some
environments, it may be noticable amount.
* It is agent-less - you have to verify your environment consistency
'on-demand' - there is no built-in mechanism that would warn you about some
change automatically (this can be achieved with reasonable effort)
* Official GUI Tool (web inferface) - Ansible Tower - is great, but it is
expensive.
* There is no 'small enterprice' payment plan, however Ansible AWX is the free
open source version we were all waiting for.
#### Neutral
Migration - Ansible <-> Salt is fairly easy - so if you would need an
event-driven agent environment - it would be a good choice to start quick with
Ansible, and convert to Salt when needed.
#### Some concepts
Ansible uses ssh or paramiko as a transport layer. In a way you can imagine
that you are using a ssh with API to perform your action. The simplest way is
to execute remote command in more controlled way (still using ssh).
On the other hand - in advanced scope - you can wrap Ansible (use python Ansible
code as a library) with your own Python scrips! This is awesome! It would act a
bit like Fabric then.
## Example ## Example
An example playbook to install apache and configure log level An example playbook to install apache and configure log level
```yaml ```yaml
--- ---
- hosts: apache - hosts: apache
@ -73,33 +134,36 @@ An example playbook to install apache and configure log level
notify: notify:
- reload apache - reload apache
become: True become: True
...
``` ```
## Installation ## Installation
```bash ```bash
# Universal way # Universal way
$ pip install ansible $ pip install ansible
# Debian, Ubuntu # Debian, Ubuntu
$ apt-get install ansible $ apt-get install ansible
``` ```
* [Appendix A - How do I install ansible](#infrastructure-as-a-code) * [Appendix A - How do I install ansible](#infrastructure-as-a-code)
* [Additional Reading.](http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/intro_installation.html) * [Additional Reading.](http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/intro_installation.html)
### Your first ansible command (shell execution) ### Your first ansible command (shell execution)
```bash ```bash
# This command ping the localhost (defined in default inventory: /etc/ansible/hosts) # Command pings localhost (defined in default inventory: /etc/ansible/hosts)
$ ansible -m ping localhost $ ansible -m ping localhost
# you should see this output # You should see this output
localhost | SUCCESS => { localhost | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false, "changed": false,
"ping": "pong" "ping": "pong"
} }
``` ```
### Shell Commands ### Shell Commands
There are few commands you should know about There are few commands you should know about
* `ansible` (to run modules in CLI) * `ansible` (to run modules in CLI)
@ -109,11 +173,11 @@ There are few commands you should know about
* and other! * and other!
### Module ### Module
A program (usually python) that executes, does some work and returns proper JSON output
This program performs specialized task/action (like manage instances in the cloud, execute shell command). A program (usually python) that executes, does some work and returns proper
JSON output. This program performs specialized task/action (like manage
The simplest module is called `ping` - it just returns a JSON with `pong` message. instances in the cloud, execute shell command). The simplest module is called
`ping` - it just returns a JSON with `pong` message.
Example of modules: Example of modules:
* Module: `ping` - the simplest module that is useful to verify host connectivity * Module: `ping` - the simplest module that is useful to verify host connectivity
@ -126,41 +190,43 @@ $ ansible -m ping all
$ ansible -m shell -a 'date; whoami' localhost #hostname_or_a_group_name $ ansible -m shell -a 'date; whoami' localhost #hostname_or_a_group_name
``` ```
* Module: `command` - executes a single command that will not be processed through the shell, so variables like $HOME or operands like `|` `;` will not work. The command module is more secure, because it will not be affected by the user’s environment. For more complex command - use shell module. * Module: `command` - executes a single command that will not be processed
through the shell, so variables like `$HOME` or operands like ``|` `;`` will not
work. The command module is more secure, because it will not be affected by the
user’s environment. For more complex commands - use shell module.
```bash ```bash
$ ansible -m command -a 'date; whoami' # FAILURE $ ansible -m command -a 'date; whoami' # FAILURE
$ ansible -m command -a 'date' all $ ansible -m command -a 'date' all
$ ansible -m command -a 'whoami' all $ ansible -m command -a 'whoami' all
``` ```
* Module: `file` - performs file operations (stat, link, dir, ...) * Module: `file` - performs file operations (stat, link, dir, ...)
* Module: `raw` - executes a low-down and dirty SSH command, not going through the module subsystem (useful to install python2.7) * Module: `raw` - executes a low-down and dirty SSH command, not going through
the module subsystem (useful to install python2.7)
### Task ### Task
Execution of a single Ansible **module** is called a **task**
The simplest module is called `ping` as you could see above Execution of a single Ansible **module** is called a **task**. The simplest
module is called `ping` as you could see above.
Another example of the module that allow you to execute command remotly on multiple resources is called `shell`. See above how you were using them already.
Another example of the module that allow you to execute command remotly on
multiple resources is called `shell`. See above how you were using them already.
### Playbook ### Playbook
**Execution plan** written in a form of script file(s) is called **playbook**. **Execution plan** written in a form of script file(s) is called **playbook**.
Playbook consist of multiple elements Playbook consist of multiple elements -
* a list (or group) of hosts that 'the play' is executed against * a list (or group) of hosts that 'the play' is executed against
* `task(s)` or `role(s)` that are going to be executed * `task(s)` or `role(s)` that are going to be executed
* multiple optional settings (like default variables, and way more) * multiple optional settings (like default variables, and way more)
Playbook script language is YAML. Playbook script language is YAML. You can think that playbook is very advanced
CLI script that you are executing.
You can think that playbook is very advanced CLI script that you are executing. #### Example of the playbook
This example-playbook would execute (on all hosts defined in inventory) two tasks:
#### Example of the playbook:
This example-playbook would execute (on all hosts defined in the inventory) two tasks:
* `ping` that would return message *pong* * `ping` that would return message *pong*
* `shell` that execute three commands and return the output to our terminal * `shell` that execute three commands and return the output to our terminal
@ -176,17 +242,22 @@ This example-playbook would execute (on all hosts defined in the inventory) two
``` ```
Run the playbook with the command: Run the playbook with the command:
```bash ```bash
$ ansible-playbook path/name_of_the_playbook.yml $ ansible-playbook path/name_of_the_playbook.yml
``` ```
_Note: Example playbook is explained in the next chapter: 'Roles'
Note: Example playbook is explained in the next chapter: 'Roles'
### More on ansible concept ### More on ansible concept
### Inventory ### Inventory
Inventory is a set of objects or hosts, against which we are executing our playbooks or single tasks via shell commands
For these few minutes, let's assume that we are using the default ansible inventory (which in Debian based system is placed in /etc/ansible/hosts)
`/etc/ansible/hosts` Inventory is a set of objects or hosts, against which we are executing our
playbooks or single tasks via shell commands. For these few minutes, let's
assume that we are using the default ansible inventory (which in Debian based
system is placed in `/etc/ansible/hosts`).
``` ```
localhost localhost
@ -198,18 +269,23 @@ hostB.localdomain
[a_group_of_a_groups:children] [a_group_of_a_groups:children]
some_group some_group
some_other_group some_other_group
``` ```
* [Additional Reading.](http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/intro_inventory.html) * [Additional Reading.](http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/intro_inventory.html)
### ansible-roles (a 'template-playbooks' with right structure) ### ansible-roles (a 'template-playbooks' with right structure)
You already know that the tasks (modules) can be run via CLI. You also know the playbooks - the execution plans of multiple tasks (with variables and logic). You already know that the tasks (modules) can be run via CLI. You also know the
playbooks - the execution plans of multiple tasks (with variables and logic).
A concept called `role` was introduced for parts of the code (playbooks) that should be reusable. A concept called `role` was introduced for parts of the code (playbooks) that
should be reusable.
**Role** is a structured way to manage your set of tasks, variables, handlers, default settings, and way more (meta, files, templates). **Role** is a structured way to manage your set of tasks, variables, handlers,
Roles allow reusing the same parts of code in multiple playbooks (you can parametrize the role 'further' during its execution). default settings, and way more (meta, files, templates). Roles allow reusing
It is a great way to introduce `object oriented` management for your applications. the same parts of code in multiple playbooks (you can parametrize the role
'further' during its execution). Its a great way to introduce `object oriented`
management for your applications.
Role can be included in your playbook (executed via your playbook). Role can be included in your playbook (executed via your playbook).
@ -233,9 +309,11 @@ Role can be included in your playbook (executed via your playbook).
``` ```
#### For remaining examples we would use additional repository #### For remaining examples we would use additional repository
This example install ansible in `virtualenv` so it is independend from a system. You need to initialize it into your shell-context with `source environment.sh` command. This example install ansible in `virtualenv` so it is independend from a system.
You need to initialize it into your shell-context with `source environment.sh`
command.
We are going to use this repository with examples: https://github.com/sirkubax/ansible-for-learnXinYminutes We are going to use this repository with examples: [https://github.com/sirkubax/ansible-for-learnXinYminutes]()
```bash ```bash
$ # The following example contains a shell-prompt to indicate the venv and relative path $ # The following example contains a shell-prompt to indicate the venv and relative path
@ -245,17 +323,18 @@ user@host:~/ansible-for-learnXinYminutes$ source environment.sh
$ $
$ # First lets execute the simple_playbook.yml $ # First lets execute the simple_playbook.yml
(venv) user@host:~/ansible-for-learnXinYminutes$ ansible-playbook playbooks/simple_playbook.yml (venv) user@host:~/ansible-for-learnXinYminutes$ ansible-playbook playbooks/simple_playbook.yml
``` ```
Run the playbook with roles example Run the playbook with roles example
```bash ```bash
$ source environment.sh $ source environment.sh
$ # Now we would run the above playbook with roles $ # Now we would run the above playbook with roles
(venv) user@host:~/ansible-for-learnXinYminutes$ ansible-playbook playbooks/simple_role.yml (venv) user@host:~/ansible-for-learnXinYminutes$ ansible-playbook playbooks/simple_role.yml
``` ```
#### Role directory structure: #### Role directory structure
``` ```
roles/ roles/
some_role/ some_role/
@ -269,10 +348,13 @@ roles/
``` ```
#### Role Handlers #### Role Handlers
Handlers are tasks that can be triggered (notified) during execution of a playbook, but they execute at the very end of a playbook. Handlers are tasks that can be triggered (notified) during execution of a
It is the best way to restart a service, check if the application port is active (successful deployment criteria), etc. playbook, but they execute at the very end of a playbook. It is the best way to
restart a service, check if the application port is active (successful
deployment criteria), etc.
Get familiar with how you can use roles in the simple_apache_role example Get familiar with how you can use roles in the simple_apache_role example
``` ```
playbooks/roles/simple_apache_role/ playbooks/roles/simple_apache_role/
├── tasks ├── tasks
@ -283,18 +365,14 @@ playbooks/roles/simple_apache_role/
### ansible - variables ### ansible - variables
Ansible is flexible - it has 21 levels of variable precedence Ansible is flexible - it has 21 levels of variable precedence.
[read more](http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/playbooks_variables.html#variable-precedence-where-should-i-put-a-variable) [read more](http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/playbooks_variables.html#variable-precedence-where-should-i-put-a-variable)
For now you should know that CLI variables have the top priority. For now you should know that CLI variables have the top priority.
You should also know, that a nice way to pool some data is a **lookup** You should also know, that a nice way to pool some data is a **lookup**
### Lookups ### Lookups
Awesome tool to query data from various sources!!! Awesome! Awesome tool to query data from various sources!!! Awesome!
query from: query from:
* pipe (load shell command output into variable!) * pipe (load shell command output into variable!)
* file * file
* stream * stream
@ -309,6 +387,7 @@ query from:
``` ```
You can use them in CLI too You can use them in CLI too
```yaml ```yaml
ansible -m shell -a 'echo "{{ my_variable }}"' -e 'my_variable="{{ lookup("pipe", "date") }}"' localhost ansible -m shell -a 'echo "{{ my_variable }}"' -e 'my_variable="{{ lookup("pipe", "date") }}"' localhost
ansible -m shell -a 'echo "{{ my_variable }}"' -e 'my_variable="{{ lookup("pipe", "hostname") }}"' all ansible -m shell -a 'echo "{{ my_variable }}"' -e 'my_variable="{{ lookup("pipe", "hostname") }}"' all
@ -316,15 +395,16 @@ ansible -m shell -a 'echo "{{ my_variable }}"' -e 'my_variable="{{ lookup("pipe"
# Or use in playbook # Or use in playbook
(venv) user@host:~/ansible-for-learnXinYminutes$ ansible-playbook playbooks/lookup.yml (venv) user@host:~/ansible-for-learnXinYminutes$ ansible-playbook playbooks/lookup.yml
``` ```
### Register and Conditional ### Register and Conditional
#### Register #### Register
Another way to dynamically generate the variable content is the `register` command. Another way to dynamically generate the variable content is the `register` command.
`Register` is also useful to store an output of a task and use its value `Register` is also useful to store an output of a task and use its value
for executing further tasks. for executing further tasks.
``` ```
(venv) user@host:~/ansible-for-learnXinYminutes$ ansible-playbook playbooks/register_and_when.yml (venv) user@host:~/ansible-for-learnXinYminutes$ ansible-playbook playbooks/register_and_when.yml
``` ```
@ -351,11 +431,14 @@ for executing further tasks.
debug: debug:
msg: "{{ root_size.rc }}" msg: "{{ root_size.rc }}"
when: root_size.rc == 0 when: root_size.rc == 0
...
``` ```
#### Conditionals - when: #### Conditionals - when:
You can define complex logic with Ansible and Jinja functions. Most common is usage of `when:`, with some variable (often dynamically generated in previous playbook steps with `register` or `lookup`) You can define complex logic with Ansible and Jinja functions. Most common is
usage of `when:`, with some variable (often dynamically generated in previous
playbook steps with `register` or `lookup`)
```yaml ```yaml
--- ---
@ -366,42 +449,50 @@ You can define complex logic with Ansible and Jinja functions. Most common is us
when: some_variable in 'a string' when: some_variable in 'a string'
roles: roles:
- { role: mid_nagios_probe, when: allow_nagios_probes } - { role: mid_nagios_probe, when: allow_nagios_probes }
...
``` ```
### ansible - tags, limit ### ansible - tags, limit
You should know about a way to increase efficiency by this simple functionality You should know about a way to increase efficiency by this simple functionality
#### TAGS #### TAGS
You can tag a task, role (and its tasks), include, etc, and then run only the tagged resources
ansible-playbook playbooks/simple_playbook.yml --tags=tagA,tag_other You can tag a task, role (and its tasks), include, etc, and then run only the
ansible-playbook playbooks/simple_playbook.yml -t tagA,tag_other tagged resources
There are special tags: ```
ansible-playbook playbooks/simple_playbook.yml --tags=tagA,tag_other
ansible-playbook playbooks/simple_playbook.yml -t tagA,tag_other
There are special tags:
always always
--skip-tags can be used to exclude a block of code --skip-tags can be used to exclude a block of code
--list-tags to list available tags --list-tags to list available tags
```
[Read more](http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/playbooks_tags.html) [Read more](http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/playbooks_tags.html)
#### LIMIT #### LIMIT
You can limit an execution of your tasks to defined hosts You can limit an execution of your tasks to defined hosts
ansible-playbook playbooks/simple_playbook.yml --limmit localhost ```
ansible-playbook playbooks/simple_playbook.yml --limit localhost
--limit my_hostname --limit my_hostname
--limit groupname --limit groupname
--limit some_prefix* --limit some_prefix*
--limit hostname:group #JM --limit hostname:group #JM
```
### Templates ### Templates
Templates are a powerful way to deliver some (partially) dynamic content. Ansible uses **Jinja2** language to describe the template. Templates are a powerful way to deliver some (partially) dynamic content.
Ansible uses **Jinja2** language to describe the template.
```jinja2 ```
Some static content Some static content
{{ a_variable }} {{ a_variable }}
@ -410,9 +501,11 @@ Some static content
this line item is {{ item }} this line item is {{ item }}
{% endfor %} {% endfor %}
``` ```
Jinja may have some limitations, but it is a powerful tool that you might like. Jinja may have some limitations, but it is a powerful tool that you might like.
Please examine this simple example that installs apache2 and generates index.html from the template Please examine this simple example that installs apache2 and generates
index.html from the template
"playbooks/roles/simple_apache_role/templates/index.html" "playbooks/roles/simple_apache_role/templates/index.html"
```bash ```bash
@ -421,15 +514,18 @@ $ # Now we would run the above playbook with roles
(venv) user@host:~/ansible-for-learnXinYminutes$ ansible-playbook playbooks/simple_role.yml --tags apache2 (venv) user@host:~/ansible-for-learnXinYminutes$ ansible-playbook playbooks/simple_role.yml --tags apache2
``` ```
#### Jinja2 CLI #### Jinja2 CLI
You can use the jinja in the CLI too You can use the jinja in the CLI too
```bash ```bash
ansible -m shell -a 'echo {{ my_variable }}` -e 'my_variable=something, playbook_parameter=twentytwo" localhost ansible -m shell -a 'echo {{ my_variable }}` -e 'my_variable=something, playbook_parameter=twentytwo" localhost
``` ```
In fact - jinja is used to template parts of the playbooks too In fact - jinja is used to template parts of the playbooks too
```yaml ```yaml
#check part of this playbook: playbooks/roles/sys_debug/tasks/debug_time.yml # check part of this playbook: playbooks/roles/sys_debug/tasks/debug_time.yml
- local_action: shell date +'%F %T' - local_action: shell date +'%F %T'
register: ts register: ts
become: False become: False
@ -439,24 +535,29 @@ In fact - jinja is used to template parts of the playbooks too
debug: msg="{{ ts.stdout }}" debug: msg="{{ ts.stdout }}"
when: ts is defined and ts.stdout is defined when: ts is defined and ts.stdout is defined
become: False become: False
``` ```
#### Jinja2 filters #### Jinja2 filters
Jinja is powerful. It has many built-in useful functions. Jinja is powerful. It has many built-in useful functions.
```jinja
```
# get first item of the list # get first item of the list
{{ some_list | first() }} {{ some_list | first() }}
# if variable is undefined - use default value # if variable is undefined - use default value
{{ some_variable | default('default_value') }} {{ some_variable | default('default_value') }}
``` ```
[Read More](http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/playbooks_filters.html) [Read More](http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/playbooks_filters.html)
### ansible-vault ### ansible-vault
To maintain **infrastructure as code** you need to store secrets.
Ansible provides a way to encrypt confidential files so you can store them in the repository, yet the files are decrypted on-the-fly during ansible execution.
The best way to use it is to store the secret in some secure location, and configure ansible to use during runtime. To maintain **infrastructure as code** you need to store secrets. Ansible
provides a way to encrypt confidential files so you can store them in the
repository, yet the files are decrypted on-the-fly during ansible execution.
The best way to use it is to store the secret in some secure location, and
configure ansible to use during runtime.
```bash ```bash
# Try (this would fail) # Try (this would fail)
@ -487,36 +588,41 @@ $ ansible-vault decrypt path/somefile
``` ```
### dynamic inventory ### dynamic inventory
You might like to know, that you can build your inventory dynamically. You might like to know, that you can build your inventory dynamically.
(For Ansible) inventory is just JSON with proper structure - if you can
deliver that to ansible - anything is possible.
(For Ansible) inventory is just JSON with proper structure - if you can deliver that to ansible - anything is possible. You do not need to reinvent the wheel - there are plenty of ready to use
inventory scripts for most popular Cloud providers and a lot of in-house
You do not need to reinvent the wheel - there are plenty of ready to use inventory scripts for most popular Cloud providers and a lot of in-house popular usecases. popular usecases.
[AWS example](http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/intro_dynamic_inventory.html#example-aws-ec2-external-inventory-script) [AWS example](http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/intro_dynamic_inventory.html#example-aws-ec2-external-inventory-script)
```bash ```bash
$ etc/inv/ec2.py --refresh $ etc/inv/ec2.py --refresh
$ ansible -m ping all -i etc/inv/ec2.py $ ansible -m ping all -i etc/inv/ec2.py
``` ```
[Read more](http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/intro_dynamic_inventory.html) [Read more](http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/intro_dynamic_inventory.html)
### ansible profiling - callback ### ansible profiling - callback
Playbook execution takes some time. It is OK. First make it run, then you may like to speed things up
Since ansible 2.x there is built-in callback for task execution profiling Playbook execution takes some time. It is OK. First make it run, then you may
like to speed things up. Since ansible 2.x there is built-in callback for task
execution profiling.
``` ```
vi ansible.cfg vi ansible.cfg
#set this to: # set this to:
callback_whitelist = profile_tasks callback_whitelist = profile_tasks
``` ```
### facts-cache and ansible-cmdb ### facts-cache and ansible-cmdb
You can pull some information about your environment from another hosts. You can pull some information about your environment from another hosts.
If the information does not change - you may consider using a facts_cache to speed things up. If the information does not change - you may consider using a facts_cache
to speed things up.
``` ```
vi ansible.cfg vi ansible.cfg
@ -532,41 +638,55 @@ fact_caching_timeout = 86400
``` ```
I like to use `jsonfile` as my backend. It allows to use another project I like to use `jsonfile` as my backend. It allows to use another project
`ansible-cmdb` [(project on github)](https://github.com/fboender/ansible-cmdb) that generates a HTML page of your inventory resources. A nice 'free' addition! `ansible-cmdb` [(project on github)](https://github.com/fboender/ansible-cmdb) that generates a HTML page of your inventory
resources. A nice 'free' addition!
### Debugging ansible [chapter in progress]
### debugging ansible [chapter in progress]
When your job fails - it is good to be effective with debugging. When your job fails - it is good to be effective with debugging.
1. Increase verbosity by using multiple -v **[ -vvvvv]** 1. Increase verbosity by using multiple -v **[ -vvvvv]**
2. If variable is undefined 2. If variable is undefined -
- grep -R path_of_your_inventory -e missing_variable `grep -R path_of_your_inventory -e missing_variable`
3. If variable (dictionary or a list) is undefined 3. If variable (dictionary or a list) is undefined -
- grep -R path_of_your_inventory -e missing_variable `grep -R path_of_your_inventory -e missing_variable`
4. Jinja template debug 4. Jinja template debug
5. Strange behaviour - try to run the code 'at the destination' 5. Strange behaviour - try to run the code 'at the destination'
### Infrastructure as code ### Infrastructure as code
You already know, that ansible-vault allows you to store your confidential data along with your code (in repository). You can go further - and define your ansible installation and configuration as-a-code.
See `environment.sh` to learn how to install the ansible itself inside a `virtualenv` that is not attached to your operating system (can be changed by non-privileged user), and as additional benefit - upgrading version of ansible is as easy as installing new version in new virtualenv. What is more, you can have multiple versions of Ansible present at the same time. You already know, that ansible-vault allows you to store your confidential data
along with your code (in repository). You can go further - and define your
ansible installation and configuration as-a-code.
See `environment.sh` to learn how to install the ansible itself inside a
`virtualenv` that is not attached to your operating system (can be changed by
non-privileged user), and as additional benefit - upgrading version of ansible
is as easy as installing new version in new virtualenv. What is more, you can
have multiple versions of Ansible present at the same time.
```bash ```bash
# recreate ansible 2.x venv # recreate ansible 2.x venv
$ rm -rf venv2 $ rm -rf venv2
$ source environment2.sh $ source environment2.sh
# execute playbook
# execute playbook
(venv2)$ ansible-playbook playbooks/ansible1.9_playbook.yml # would fail - deprecated syntax (venv2)$ ansible-playbook playbooks/ansible1.9_playbook.yml # would fail - deprecated syntax
# now lets install ansible 1.9.x next to ansible 2.x # now lets install ansible 1.9.x next to ansible 2.x
(venv2)$ deactivate (venv2)$ deactivate
$ source environment.1.9.sh $ source environment.1.9.sh
# execute playbook
# execute playbook
(venv1.9)$ ansible-playbook playbooks/ansible1.9_playbook.yml # works! (venv1.9)$ ansible-playbook playbooks/ansible1.9_playbook.yml # works!
# please note that you have both venv1.9 and venv2 present - you need to (de)activate one - that is all # please note that you have both venv1.9 and venv2 present - you need to (de)activate one - that is all
``` ```
#### become-user, become #### become-user, become
In Ansible - to become `sudo` - use the `become` parameter. Use `become_user` to specify the username.
In Ansible - to become `sudo` - use the `become` parameter. Use `become_user`
to specify the username.
``` ```
- name: Ensure the httpd service is running - name: Ensure the httpd service is running
service: service:
@ -574,93 +694,65 @@ In Ansible - to become `sudo` - use the `become` parameter. Use `become_user` to
state: started state: started
become: true become: true
``` ```
Note: You may like to execute Ansible with `--ask-sudo-pass` or add the user to sudoers file in order to allow non-supervised execution if you require 'admin' privilages.
Note: You may like to execute Ansible with `--ask-sudo-pass` or add the user to
sudoers file in order to allow non-supervised execution if you require 'admin'
privilages.
[Read more](http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/become.html) [Read more](http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/become.html)
## Tips and tricks ## Tips and tricks
#### --check -C #### --check -C
Always make sure that your playbook can execute in 'dry run' mode (--check), and its execution is not declaring 'Changed' objects.
Always make sure that your playbook can execute in 'dry run' mode (--check),
and its execution is not declaring 'Changed' objects.
#### --diff -D #### --diff -D
Diff is useful to see nice detail of the files changed
It compare 'in memory' the files like `diff -BbruN fileA fileB` Diff is useful to see nice detail of the files changed.
It compare 'in memory' the files like `diff -BbruN fileA fileB`.
#### Execute hosts with 'regex' #### Execute hosts with 'regex'
```bash ```bash
ansible -m ping web* ansible -m ping web*
``` ```
#### #### Host groups can be joined, negated, etc
Host groups can be joined, negated, etc
```bash ```bash
ansible -m ping web*:!backend:monitoring:&allow_change ansible -m ping web*:!backend:monitoring:&allow_change
``` ```
#### Tagging #### Tagging
You should tag some (not all) objects - a task in a playbook, all tasks included form a role, etc.
It allows you to execute the chosen parts of the playbook. You should tag some (not all) objects - a task in a playbook, all tasks
included form a role, etc. It allows you to execute the chosen parts of the
playbook.
#### no_logs: True #### no_logs: True
You may see, that some roles print a lot of output in verbose mode. There is also a debug module.
This is the place where credentials may leak. Use `no_log` to hide the output. You may see, that some roles print a lot of output in verbose mode. There is
also a debug module. This is the place where credentials may leak. Use `no_log`
to hide the output.
#### Debug module #### Debug module
allows to print a value to the screen - use it! allows to print a value to the screen - use it!
#### Register the output of a task #### Register the output of a task
You can register the output (stdout), rc (return code), stderr of a task with the `register` command.
You can register the output (stdout), rc (return code), stderr of a task with
the `register` command.
#### Conditionals: when: #### Conditionals: when:
#### Loop: with, with_items, with_dict, with_together #### Loop: with, with\_items, with\_dict, with\_together
[Read more](http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/playbooks_conditionals.html) [Read more](http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/playbooks_conditionals.html)
## Introduction
Ansible is (one of the many) orchestration tools. It allows you to control your environment (infrastructure and code) and automate the manual tasks.
'You can think as simple as writing in bash with python API
Of course the rabbit hole is way deeper.'
Ansible has great integration with multiple operating systems (even Windows) and some hardware (switches, Firewalls, etc). It has multiple tools that integrate with the cloud providers. Almost every noteworthy cloud provider is present in the ecosystem (AWS, Azure, Google, DigitalOcean, OVH, etc...)
But ansible is way more! It provides an execution plans, an API, library, callbacks, not forget to mention - COMMUNITY! and great support by developers!
### Main cons and pros
#### Cons
It is an agent-less tool - every agent consumes up to 16MB ram - in some environments, it may be noticable amount.
It is agent-less - you have to verify your environment consistency 'on-demand' - there is no built-in mechanism that would warn you about some change automatically (this can be achieved with reasonable effort)
Official GUI Tool (web inferface) - Ansible Tower - is great, but it is expensive. There is no 'small enterprice' payment plan, however Ansible AWX is the free open source version we were all waiting for.
#### Pros
It is an agent-less tools In most scenarios, it use ssh as a transport layer.
In some way you can use it as 'bash on steroids'.
It is very easy to start. If you are familiar with ssh concept - you already know Ansible (ALMOST).
It executes 'as is' - other tools (salt, puppet, chef - might execute in different scenario than you would expect)
Documentation is at the world-class standard!
The community (github, stackOverflow) would help you very fast.
Writing your own modules and extensions is fairly easy.
Ansible AWX is the open source version of Ansible Tower we have been waiting for, which provides an excellent UI.
#### Neutral
Migration Ansible<->Salt is fairly easy - so if you would need an event-driven agent environment - it would be a good choice to start quick with Ansible, and convert to salt when needed.
#### Some concepts
Ansible uses ssh or paramiko as a transport layer. In a way you can imagine that you are using a ssh with API to perform your action.
The simplest way is to execute remote command in more controlled way (still using ssh).
On the other hand - in advanced scope - you can wrap Ansible (use python Ansible code as a library) with your own Python scrips! This is awesome! It would act a bit like Fabric then.
## Additional Resources ## Additional Resources
* [Servers For Hackers: An Ansible Tutorial](https://serversforhackers.com/c/an-ansible-tutorial) * [Servers For Hackers: An Ansible Tutorial](https://serversforhackers.com/c/an-ansible-tutorial)