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roff.html.markdown
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roff.html.markdown
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---
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langauge: roff
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contributors:
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- ["Jeff Parent", "https://github.com/jecxjo"]
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filename: learnroff.ms
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---
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```groff
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.\" All comments start with a \"
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.\" There are no multi-line comments. Comments can be inserted at the end of
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.\" any line.
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.\" roff is NOT a "What You See Is What You Get" word processing software like
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.\" MS Word, or OpenOffice Writer.
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.\" Every roff command starts with a new line and a period (.) or a single
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.\" quote ('). Any line that doesn't start with a period or quote is considered
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.\" normal text.
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.\" roff documents start by deciding which macro package to use. There are
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.\" many, all designed for different purposes and different types of documents.
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.\" The most common one is the man macro package which most manpages are
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.\" created from.
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.\" The ms package is designed for creating for general purpose documents like
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.\" papers, letters and books. It is the default package for groff. The me
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.\" package is designed for creating technical documents. See `man 1 groff_me`
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.\" or `man 1 groff_ms` for more details.
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.\" To build this document into a pdf use the following command:
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.\" groff -p -e -t -ms -Tpdf learnroff.ms > learnroff.pdf
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.TL \" Sets the title of the document
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LearnXinYMinutes - roff Edition
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.AU \" Sets the author
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Jeff Parent
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.AI \" Sets the author's institution
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ACME Corp
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.AB \" Begins the abstract
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roff is a typesetting system used to create documents using plain text and
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outputting PDF, HTML, DVI and other formats with a simple Unix tool. It
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supports basic typesettings as well as advanced features like tables, graphs
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and equations.
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.AE \" Ends the abstract
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.tp \" Triggers the title page
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.NH 1 \" Triggers a heading, level 1 (e.g 1. Introduction)
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Introduction
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.LP \" Starts a new paragraph
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Welcome to the wonderful typesetting world of roff.
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.NH 1
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A section
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.LP
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This is a section. Sections are used to divide a document into smaller parts.
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.NH 2 \" Triggers a heading, level 2 (e.g. 1.1 Subsection)
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A subsection
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.LP
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This is a subsection. There can be many subsections with varying levels of
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depth.
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.NH 2
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Another subsection
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.LP
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More text can go here.
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.NH S 2 9 2
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Some sections may need an explicit section number
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.LP
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However most cases you can rely on the automatic numbering. There is also
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support for number/letter combinations.
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.NH 1
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Some notes about text
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.LP
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roff does a good job handling text. It will automatically wrap text if the line
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gets too long and will also handle text
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that has newlines
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in it. If you
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.br
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needs
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.br
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to
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.br
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break
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.br
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you add a .br command to the source code.
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.LP
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Separate paragraphs by the .LP command. This will add a blank line and start
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the text on the left most margin.
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.PP
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Using the .PP command a paragraph is started by indenting the first line. All
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additional lines will be at the left most margin.
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.QP
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The .QP command is used to start a paragraph where all lines are indented on
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both the left and right sides of the document. This is a good way to quote text
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or specify some sort of significance to the text.
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.XP
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The opposite of .PP is the .XP macro. As you can see this paragraph indents all
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lines except for the first one. This is knowing as an \*Qextended\*Q paragraph
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or a hanging indent.
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.sp 4 \" Adds 4 lines of space
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Sometimes you need to add more space. That is what the .sp command is for.
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.NH 1
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Typography
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.LP
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roff supports many of the common typographic features all typesetting software
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does. You can
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.B bold
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a word, or you can
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.I italicize
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a word. You can also
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.BI "bold italicize"
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a phrase or use
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.CW "Common Width"
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for showing commands. There is support for Super and Sub scripting as well and
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it looks like this\*[{]Super Script\*[}] and this\*[<]Sub Script\*[>].
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Unfortunately some typesetting is done with commands and others through escaped
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characters.
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.LP
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Each set of macros has their own ways of handling typesetting features, roff
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has a lot of low level commands so check out the documentation for more info.
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The convention is that lowercase commands are low level built in operations
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while uppercase commands are from the macro package.
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.NH 1
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Lists
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.LP
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Lists are easy to implement in roff. There are two types of lists, bulleted and
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numeric.
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.IP \[bu] 3 \" the \[bu] is a bullet character
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Item 1
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.IP \[bu] 3
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Item 2
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.RS \" Starts a new list inside a list
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.IP \[bu] 3
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Sub Item 1
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.RE
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.IP \[bu] 3
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Item 3
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.LP
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.\" We can auto numerate the list or manually set the values
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.nr step 0 1 \" Setting the step counter to 0, incrementing by 1
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.IP \n+[step] 3 \" Increment the step counter by 1 and set the indentation to 3
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Apple.
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.IP \n+[step] 3
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Bananna
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.IP \n+[step] 3
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Cherry
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.IP "Words Not Numbers" 3
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This is a list item without a number
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.LP \" End of list, starting new paragraph
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.NH 1
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Math
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.LP
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roff was created for typesetting memos and technical documents. It was created
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at Bell Labs as a word processor for all the technical stuff they were doing.
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As such, we need to be able to add special symbols to our paper!
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.LP
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Math is often a big part of writing technical documents. roff has support for
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this both as inline characters as well as equation figures. Unlike other
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typesetting software, roff relies on independent preprocessors to handle things
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like Math Equations. The .EQ macro starts an equation section and the .EN macro
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ends it. See
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.CW "man 1 eqn"
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for details on how to use the eqn preprocessor.
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.EQ
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a sup 2 + b sup 2 = c sup 2
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.EN
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.LP
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Greek letter can be written inline such as \(*x, \(*b, \(*g and \(*s. Within an
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equation you can use these symbols as well.
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.EQ
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Area^of^a^Circle = pi r sup 2
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.EN
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Operators are an essential part of a mathematical document. Let's write an
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equation to see how that is done:
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.EQ
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cos { 2 theta } = cos sup 2 { theta } - sin sup 2 { theta }
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.EN
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Fractions (Numerator-Denominators) can be written in this form:
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.EQ
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10 over 7
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.EN
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Summation and Integrals are written with the sum and int commands:
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.EQ
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sum from {i = 0} to 5 {f(i)}
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.EN
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.EQ
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int from 0 to inf { e sup { -x } d x }
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.EN
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.NH 1
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Tables
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.LP
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Tables are created using the
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.CW tbl
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preprocessor. To include a table use the .TS and .TE macros.
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.TS
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center box;
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c | c | c
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l | n | r.
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Name Age Location
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_
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John Doe 30 New York
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Jane Smith 25 Los Angeles
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Sam Brown 40 Chicago
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.TE
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.NH 1
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Diagrams
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.LP
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Diagrams are also supported, using the
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.CW pic
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preprocessor. To include a block diagram use the .PS and .PE macros.
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.PS
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box "Starting";
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arrow;
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circle "B1";
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arrow;
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ellipse "End";
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.PE
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.LP
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There is also the ability to generate a graph.
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.PS
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pi = atan2(0, -1);
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for i = 0 to 2 * pi by 0.1 do {
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"-" at (i/2, 0);
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"." at (i/2, sin(i)/2);
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":" at (i/2, cos(i)/2);
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}
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.PE
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.NH 1
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Other Preprocessors
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.LP
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There are a few other preprocessors available to roff.
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.CW chem
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is used to create chemical structure diagrams.
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.CW grn
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is used for creating pictures.
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.CW refer
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is used for creating bibliographies.
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```
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## More on roff
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* [The GNU Troff Manual](https://www.gnu.org/software/groff/manual/groff.html)
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* [A Guide to Typesetting Mathematics using GNU eqn](https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2013-10/pdfTyBN2VWR1c.pdf)
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* [Making Pictures with GNU PIC](https://pikchr.org/home/uv/gpic.pdf)
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* [man groff_me](https://linux.die.net/man/7/groff_me)
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* [man groff_ms](https://linux.die.net/man/7/groff_ms)
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