diff --git a/scala.html.markdown b/scala.html.markdown
index 775956cb..dc039f0c 100644
--- a/scala.html.markdown
+++ b/scala.html.markdown
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ filename: learnscala.scala
contributors:
- ["George Petrov", "http://github.com/petrovg"]
- ["Dominic Bou-Samra", "http://dbousamra.github.com"]
+ - ["Geoff Liu", "http://geoffliu.me"]
filename: learn.scala
---
@@ -20,34 +21,47 @@ Scala - the scalable language
scala>
- This is the so called REPL. You can run commands in the REPL. Let's do just
- that:
+ This is the so called REPL (Read-Eval-Print Loop). You may type any valid
+ Scala expression into it, and the result will be printed. We will explain what
+ Scala files look like further into this tutorial, but for now, let's start
+ with some basics.
*/
-println(10) // prints the integer 10
-println("Boo!") // printlns the string Boo!
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// 1. Basics
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Single line comments start with two forward slashes
-// Some basics
+/*
+ Multi line comments, as you can already see from above, look like this.
+*/
// Printing, and forcing a new line on the next print
println("Hello world!")
+println(10)
+
// Printing, without forcing a new line on next print
print("Hello world")
-// Declaring values is done using either var or val
-// val declarations are immutable, whereas var's are mutable. Immutability is
+// Declaring values is done using either var or val.
+// val declarations are immutable, whereas var's are mutable. Immutability is
// a good thing.
val x = 10 // x is now 10
x = 20 // error: reassignment to val
-var x = 10
-x = 20 // x is now 20
+var y = 10
+y = 20 // y is now 20
-// Single line comments start with two forward slashes
-/*
-Multi line comments look like this.
+/*
+ Scala is a statically typed language, yet note that in the above declarations, we did not specify
+ a type. This is due to a language feature called type inference. In most cases, Scala compiler can
+ guess what the type of a variable is, so you don't have to type it every time. We can explicitly
+ declare the type of a variable like so:
*/
+val z: Int = 10
+val a: Double = 1.0
+val b: Double = 10 // Notice automatic conversion from Int to Double, result is 10.0, not 10
// Boolean values
true
@@ -64,9 +78,11 @@ true == false // false
2 - 1 // 1
5 * 3 // 15
6 / 2 // 3
+6 / 4 // 1
+6.0 / 4 // 1.5
-// Evaluating a command in the REPL gives you the type and value of the result
+// Evaluating an expression in the REPL gives you the type and value of the result
1 + 7
@@ -78,23 +94,63 @@ true == false // false
This means the result of evaluating 1 + 7 is an object of type Int with a
value of 8
- 1+7 will give you the same result
+ Note that "res29" is a sequentially generated variable name to store the results of the
+ expressions you typed, your output may differ.
*/
+"Scala strings are surrounded by double quotes"
+'a' // A Scala Char
+// 'Single quote strings don't exist' <= This causes an error
-// Everything is an object, including a function. Type these in the REPL:
+// Strings have the usual Java methods defined on them
+"hello world".length
+"hello world".substring(2, 6)
+"hello world".replace("C", "3")
-7 // results in res30: Int = 7 (res30 is just a generated var name for the result)
+// They also have some extra Scala methods. See also: scala.collection.immutable.StringOps
+"hello world".take(5)
+"hello world".drop(5)
+
+// String interpolation: notice the prefix "s"
+val n = 45
+s"We have $n apples" // => "We have 45 apples"
+
+// Expressions inside interpolated strings are also possible
+val a = Array(11, 9, 6)
+s"My second daughter is ${a(0) - a(2)} years old." // => "My second daughter is 5 years old."
+s"We have double the amount of ${n / 2.0} in apples." // => "We have double the amount of 22.5 in apples."
+s"Power of 2: ${math.pow(2, 2)}" // => "Power of 2: 4"
+
+// Formatting with interpolated strings with the prefix "f"
+f"Power of 5: ${math.pow(5, 2)}%1.0f" // "Power of 5: 25"
+f"Square root of 122: ${math.sqrt(122)}%1.4f" // "Square root of 122: 11.0454"
+
+// Raw strings, ignoring special characters.
+raw"New line feed: \n. Carriage return: \r." // => "New line feed: \n. Carriage return: \r."
+
+// Some characters need to be "escaped", e.g. a double quote inside a string:
+"They stood outside the \"Rose and Crown\"" // => "They stood outside the "Rose and Crown""
+
+// Triple double-quotes let strings span multiple rows and contain quotes
+val html = """
"""
+
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// 2. Functions
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////
// The next line gives you a function that takes an Int and returns it squared
-(x:Int) => x * x
+(x:Int) => x * x
// You can assign this function to an identifier, like this:
val sq = (x:Int) => x * x
/* The above says this
-
- sq: Int => Int =
+
+ sq: Int => Int =
Which means that this time we gave an explicit name to the value - sq is a
function that take an Int and returns Int.
@@ -105,28 +161,68 @@ val sq = (x:Int) => x * x
sq(10) // Gives you this: res33: Int = 100.
// The colon explicitly defines the type of a value, in this case a function
-// taking an Int and returning an Int.
-val add10: Int => Int = _ + 10
-
-// Scala allows methods and functions to return, or take as parameters, other
-// functions or methods.
-
-List(1, 2, 3) map add10 // List(11, 12, 13) - add10 is applied to each element
-
-// Anonymous functions can be used instead of named functions:
-List(1, 2, 3) map (x => x + 10)
-
-// And the underscore symbol, can be used if there is just one argument to the
-// anonymous function. It gets bound as the variable
-List(1, 2, 3) map (_ + 10)
-
-// If the anonymous block AND the function you are applying both take one
-// argument, you can even omit the underscore
-List("Dom", "Bob", "Natalia") foreach println
+// taking an Int and returning an Int.
+val add10: Int => Int = _ + 10
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// 3. Flow Control
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// Data structures
+1 to 5
+val r = 1 to 5
+r.foreach( println )
+
+r foreach println
+// NB: Scala is quite lenient when it comes to dots and brackets - study the
+// rules separately. This helps write DSLs and APIs that read like English
+
+(5 to 1 by -1) foreach ( println )
+
+// A while loops
+var i = 0
+while (i < 10) { println("i " + i); i+=1 }
+
+while (i < 10) { println("i " + i); i+=1 } // Yes, again. What happened? Why?
+
+i // Show the value of i. Note that while is a loop in the classical sense -
+ // it executes sequentially while changing the loop variable. while is very
+ // fast, faster that Java // loops, but using the combinators and
+ // comprehensions above is easier to understand and parallelize
+
+// A do while loop
+do {
+ println("x is still less than 10");
+ x += 1
+} while (x < 10)
+
+// Tail recursion is an idiomatic way of doing recurring things in Scala.
+// Recursive functions need an explicit return type, the compiler can't infer it.
+// Here it's Unit.
+def showNumbersInRange(a:Int, b:Int):Unit = {
+ print(a)
+ if (a < b)
+ showNumbersInRange(a + 1, b)
+}
+showNumbersInRange(1,14)
+
+
+// Conditionals
+
+val x = 10
+
+if (x == 1) println("yeah")
+if (x == 10) println("yeah")
+if (x == 11) println("yeah")
+if (x == 11) println ("yeah") else println("nay")
+
+println(if (x == 10) "yeah" else "nope")
+val text = if (x == 10) "yeah" else "nope"
+
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// 4. Data Structures
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////
val a = Array(1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13)
a(0)
@@ -145,8 +241,8 @@ val s = Set(1, 3, 7)
s(0)
s(1)
-/* Look up the documentation of map here -
- * http://www.scala-lang.org/api/current/index.html#scala.collection.immutable.Map
+/* Look up the documentation of map here -
+ * http://www.scala-lang.org/api/current/index.html#scala.collection.immutable.Map
* and make sure you can read it
*/
@@ -175,110 +271,25 @@ d._1
d._2
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// 5. Object Oriented Programming
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// Combinators
+/*
+ Aside: Everything we've done so far in this tutorial has been simple
+ expressions (values, functions, etc). These expressions are fine to type into
+ the command-line interpreter for quick tests, but they cannot exist by
+ themselves in a Scala file. For example, you cannot have just "val x = 5" in
+ a Scala file. Instead, the only top-level constructs allowed in Scala are:
-s.map(sq)
+ - objects
+ - classes
+ - case classes
+ - traits
-val sSquared = s. map(sq)
+ And now we will explain what these are.
+*/
-sSquared.filter(_ < 10)
-
-sSquared.reduce (_+_)
-
-// The filter function takes a predicate (a function from A -> Boolean) and
-// selects all elements which satisfy the predicate
-List(1, 2, 3) filter (_ > 2) // List(3)
-
-case class Person(name: String, age: Int)
-List(
- Person(name = "Dom", age = 23),
- Person(name = "Bob", age = 30)
-).filter(_.age > 25) // List(Person("Bob", 30))
-
-
-// Scala a foreach method defined on certain collections that takes a type
-// returning Unit (a void method)
-val aListOfNumbers = Set(1,2,3,45,234)
-aListOfNumbers foreach (x => println(x))
-aListOfNumbers foreach println
-
-
-
-
-// For comprehensions
-
-for { n <- s } yield sq(n)
-
-val nSquared2 = for { n <- s } yield sq(n)
-
-for { n <- nSquared2 if n < 10 } yield n
-
-for { n <- s; nSquared = n * n if nSquared < 10} yield nSquared
-
-/* NB Those were not for loops. The semantics of a for loop is 'repeat', whereas
- a for-comprehension defines a relationship between two sets of data. */
-
-
-
-// Loops and iteration
-
-1 to 5
-val r = 1 to 5
-r.foreach( println )
-
-r foreach println
-// NB: Scala is quite lenient when it comes to dots and brackets - study the
-// rules separately. This helps write DSLs and APIs that read like English
-
-(5 to 1 by -1) foreach ( println )
-
-// A while loops
-var i = 0
-while (i < 10) { println("i " + i); i+=1 }
-
-while (i < 10) { println("i " + i); i+=1 } // Yes, again. What happened? Why?
-
-i // Show the value of i. Note that while is a loop in the classical sense -
- // it executes sequentially while changing the loop variable. while is very
- // fast, faster that Java // loops, but using the combinators and
- // comprehensions above is easier to understand and parallelize
-
-// A do while loop
-do {
- println("x is still less than 10");
- x += 1
-} while (x < 10)
-
-// Tail recursion is an idiomatic way of doing recurring things in Scala.
-// Recursive functions need an explicit return type, the compiler can't infer it.
-// Here it's Unit.
-def showNumbersInRange(a:Int, b:Int):Unit = {
- print(a)
- if (a < b)
- showNumbersInRange(a + 1, b)
-}
-showNumbersInRange(1,14)
-
-
-
-// Conditionals
-
-val x = 10
-
-if (x == 1) println("yeah")
-if (x == 10) println("yeah")
-if (x == 11) println("yeah")
-if (x == 11) println ("yeah") else println("nay")
-
-println(if (x == 10) "yeah" else "nope")
-val text = if (x == 10) "yeah" else "nope"
-
-
-
-// Object oriented features
-
-// Classname is Dog
class Dog(br: String) {
var breed: String = br
//A method called bark, returning a String
@@ -296,8 +307,6 @@ println(mydog.bark) // => "Woof, woof!"
// Classes can contain nearly any other construct, including other classes,
// functions, methods, objects, case classes, traits etc.
-
-
// Case classes
case class Person(name:String, phoneNumber:String)
@@ -305,8 +314,12 @@ case class Person(name:String, phoneNumber:String)
Person("George", "1234") == Person("Kate", "1236")
+// Objects and traits coming soon!
-// Pattern matching
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// 6. Pattern Matching
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////
val me = Person("George", "1234")
@@ -345,49 +358,77 @@ matcher("52917") // => "No match on '52917'"
matcher("52752-16432-22178-47917") // => "Serial key: 52752, 16432, 22178, 47917"
-// Strings
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// 7. Functional Programming
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////
-"Scala strings are surrounded by double quotes" //
-'a' // A Scala Char
-'Single quote strings don't exist' // Error
-"Strings have the usual Java methods defined on them".length
-"They also have some extra Scala methods.".reverse
+// Scala allows methods and functions to return, or take as parameters, other
+// functions or methods.
-// Seealso: scala.collection.immutable.StringOps
+List(1, 2, 3) map add10 // List(11, 12, 13) - add10 is applied to each element
-println("ABCDEF".length)
-println("ABCDEF".substring(2, 6))
-println("ABCDEF".replace("C", "3"))
+// Anonymous functions can be used instead of named functions:
+List(1, 2, 3) map (x => x + 10)
-// String interpolation
-val n = 45
-println(s"We have $n apples") // => "We have 45 apples"
+// And the underscore symbol, can be used if there is just one argument to the
+// anonymous function. It gets bound as the variable
+List(1, 2, 3) map (_ + 10)
-// Expressions inside interpolated strings are also possible
-val a = Array(11, 9, 6)
-println(s"My second daughter is ${a(0) - a(2)} years old.") // => "My second daughter is 5 years old."
-println(s"We have double the amount of ${n / 2.0} in apples.") // => "We have double the amount of 22.5 in apples."
-println(s"Power of 2: ${math.pow(2, 2)}") // => "Power of 2: 4"
-
-// Formatting with interpolated strings (note the prefixed f)
-println(f"Power of 5: ${math.pow(5, 2)}%1.0f") // "Power of 5: 25"
-println(f"Square root of 122: ${math.sqrt(122)}%1.4f") // "Square root of 122"
-
-// Ignoring special characters.
-println(raw"New line feed: \n. Carriage return: \r.") // => "New line feed: \n. Carriage return: \r."
-
-// Some characters need to be 'escaped', e.g. a double quote inside a string:
-val a = "They stood outside the \"Rose and Crown\"" // => "They stood outside the "Rose and Crown""
-
-// Triple double-quotes let strings span multiple rows and contain quotes
-val html = """"""
+// If the anonymous block AND the function you are applying both take one
+// argument, you can even omit the underscore
+List("Dom", "Bob", "Natalia") foreach println
+// Combinators
-// Application structure and organization
+s.map(sq)
+
+val sSquared = s. map(sq)
+
+sSquared.filter(_ < 10)
+
+sSquared.reduce (_+_)
+
+// The filter function takes a predicate (a function from A -> Boolean) and
+// selects all elements which satisfy the predicate
+List(1, 2, 3) filter (_ > 2) // List(3)
+case class Person(name:String, phoneNumber:String)
+List(
+ Person(name = "Dom", age = 23),
+ Person(name = "Bob", age = 30)
+).filter(_.age > 25) // List(Person("Bob", 30))
+
+
+// Scala a foreach method defined on certain collections that takes a type
+// returning Unit (a void method)
+val aListOfNumbers = List(1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 20, 100)
+aListOfNumbers foreach (x => println(x))
+aListOfNumbers foreach println
+
+// For comprehensions
+
+for { n <- s } yield sq(n)
+
+val nSquared2 = for { n <- s } yield sq(n)
+
+for { n <- nSquared2 if n < 10 } yield n
+
+for { n <- s; nSquared = n * n if nSquared < 10} yield nSquared
+
+/* NB Those were not for loops. The semantics of a for loop is 'repeat', whereas
+ a for-comprehension defines a relationship between two sets of data. */
+
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// 8. Implicits
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+Coming soon!
+
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// 9. Misc
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Importing things
import scala.collection.immutable.List