Merge pull request #421 from levibostian/c-basic-additions

Add while loop to bash. Add lots to C.

bash.html.markdown

@@ -115,6 +115,13 @@ do
     echo "$VARIABLE"
 done
 
+# while loop:
+while [true]
+do
+    echo "loop body here..."
+    break
+done
+
 # You can also define functions
 # Definition:
 function foo ()

c.html.markdown

@@ -20,6 +20,13 @@ memory management and C will take you as far as you need to go.
 Multi-line comments look like this. They work in C89 as well.
 */
 
+// Constants: #define <keyword>
+#define DAYS_IN_YEAR 365
+
+//enumeration constants are also ways to declare constants. 
+enum days {SUN = 1, MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT};
+// MON gets 2 automatically, TUE gets 3, etc. 
+
 // Import headers with #include
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -31,8 +38,12 @@ Multi-line comments look like this. They work in C89 as well.
 
 // Declare function signatures in advance in a .h file, or at the top of
 // your .c file.
-void function_1();
-void function_2();
+void function_1(char c);
+int function_2(void);
+
+// Must declare a 'function prototype' before main() when functions occur after
+// your main() function.
+int add_two_ints(int x1, int x2); // function prototype 
 
 // Your program's entry point is a function called
 // main with an integer return type.
@@ -72,6 +83,10 @@ int main() {
     unsigned int ux_int;
     unsigned long long ux_long_long;
 
+    // chars inside single quotes are integers in machine's character set. 
+    '0' // => 48 in the ASCII character set. 
+    'A' // => 65 in the ASCII character set. 
+
     // sizeof(T) gives you the size of a variable with type T in bytes
     // sizeof(obj) yields the size of the expression (variable, literal, etc.).
     printf("%zu\n", sizeof(int)); // => 4 (on most machines with 4-byte words)
@@ -135,13 +150,25 @@ int main() {
     int cha = 'a'; // fine
     char chb = 'a'; // fine too (implicit conversion from int to char)
 
+    //Multi-dimensional arrays:
+    int multi_array[2][5] = {
+        {1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
+        {6, 7, 8, 9, 0}
+    }
+    //access elements:
+    int array_int = multi_array[0][2]; // => 3
+
     ///////////////////////////////////////
     // Operators
     ///////////////////////////////////////
 
-    int i1 = 1, i2 = 2; // Shorthand for multiple declaration
+    // Shorthands for multiple declarations:
+    int i1 = 1, i2 = 2; 
     float f1 = 1.0, f2 = 2.0;
 
+    int a, b, c;
+    a = b = c = 0;
+
     // Arithmetic is straightforward
     i1 + i2; // => 3
     i2 - i1; // => 1
@@ -181,6 +208,20 @@ int main() {
     0 || 1; // => 1 (Logical or)
     0 || 0; // => 0
 
+    //Conditional expression ( ? : )
+    int a = 5;
+    int b = 10;
+    int z;
+    z = (a > b) ? a : b; // => 10 "if a > b return a, else return b." 
+
+    //Increment and decrement operators:
+    char *s = "iLoveC"
+    int j = 0;
+    s[j++]; // => "i". Returns the j-th item of s THEN increments value of j.
+    j = 0; 
+    s[++j]; // => "L". Increments value of j THEN returns j-th value of s. 
+    // same with j-- and --j
+
     // Bitwise operators!
     ~0x0F; // => 0xF0 (bitwise negation, "1's complement")
     0x0F & 0xF0; // => 0x00 (bitwise AND)
@@ -209,9 +250,8 @@ int main() {
 
     // While loops exist
     int ii = 0;
-    while (ii < 10) {
-        printf("%d, ", ii++); // ii++ increments ii in-place
-                              // after yielding its value ("postincrement").
+    while (ii < 10) { //ANY value not zero is true. 
+        printf("%d, ", ii++); // ii++ increments ii AFTER using it's current value.
     } // => prints "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, "
 
     printf("\n");
@@ -219,8 +259,7 @@ int main() {
     int kk = 0;
     do {
         printf("%d, ", kk);
-    } while (++kk < 10); // ++kk increments kk in-place, and yields
-                         // the already incremented value ("preincrement")
+    } while (++kk < 10); // ++kk increments kk BEFORE using it's current value.
     // => prints "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, "
 
     printf("\n");
@@ -233,6 +272,13 @@ int main() {
 
     printf("\n");
 
+    // *****NOTES*****:
+    // Loops and Functions MUST have a body. If no body is needed:
+    int i;
+    for (i = 0; i <= 5; i++) {
+        ; // use semicolon to act as the body (null statement)
+    }
+
     // branching with multiple choices: switch()
     switch (some_integral_expression) {
     case 0: // labels need to be integral *constant* epxressions
@@ -309,7 +355,7 @@ int main() {
     printf("%d\n", x); // => Prints 1
 
     // Arrays are a good way to allocate a contiguous block of memory
-    int x_array[20];
+    int x_array[20]; //declares array of size 20 (cannot change size)
     int xx;
     for (xx = 0; xx < 20; xx++) {
         x_array[xx] = 20 - xx;
@@ -385,8 +431,12 @@ int add_two_ints(int x1, int x2)
 }
 
 /*
-Functions are pass-by-value, but you can make your own references
-with pointers so functions can mutate their values.
+Functions are call by value. When a function is called, the arguments passed to 
+the function are copies of the original arguments (except arrays). Anything you  
+do to the arguments in the function do not change the value of the original 
+argument where the function was called. 
+
+Use pointers if you need to edit the original argument values. 
 
 Example: in-place string reversal
 */
@@ -404,6 +454,19 @@ void str_reverse(char *str_in)
     }
 }
 
+//if referring to external variables outside function, must use extern keyword.
+int i = 0;
+void testFunc() {
+    extern int i; //i here is now using external variable i
+}
+
+//make external variables private to source file with static:
+static int i = 0; //other files using testFunc() cannot access variable i
+void testFunc() {
+    extern int i;
+}
+//**You may also declare functions as static to make them private**
+
 /*
 char c[] = "This is a test.";
 str_reverse(c);
@@ -494,6 +557,61 @@ typedef void (*my_fnp_type)(char *);
 // ...
 // my_fnp_type f; 
 
+//Special characters:
+'\a' // alert (bell) character
+'\n' // newline character
+'\t' // tab character (left justifies text)
+'\v' // vertical tab
+'\f' // new page (formfeed)
+'\r' // carriage return
+'\b' // backspace character
+'\0' // null character. Usually put at end of strings in C lang. 
+     //   hello\n\0. \0 used by convention to mark end of string. 
+'\\' // backspace
+'\?' // question mark
+'\'' // single quote
+'\"' // double quote
+'\xhh' // hexadecimal number. Example: '\xb' = vertical tab character
+'\ooo' // octal number. Example: '\013' = vertical tab character
+
+//print formatting:
+"%d"    // integer
+"%3d"   // integer with minimum of length 3 digits (right justifies text)
+"%s"    // string
+"%f"    // float
+"%ld"   // long
+"%3.2f" // minimum 3 digits left and 2 digits right decimal float 
+"%7.4s" // (can do with strings too)
+"%c"    // char
+"%p"    // pointer
+"%x"    // hexidecimal
+"%o"    // octal
+"%%"    // prints % 
+
+///////////////////////////////////////
+// Order of Evaluation
+///////////////////////////////////////
+
+//---------------------------------------------------//
+//        Operators                  | Associativity //
+//---------------------------------------------------//
+// () [] -> .                        | left to right //
+// ! ~ ++ -- + = *(type)sizeof       | right to left //
+// * / %                             | left to right //
+// + -                               | left to right //
+// << >>                             | left to right //
+// < <= > >=                         | left to right //
+// == !=                             | left to right //
+// &                                 | left to right //
+// ^                                 | left to right //
+// |                                 | left to right //
+// &&                                | left to right //
+// ||                                | left to right //
+// ?:                                | right to left //
+// = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= | right to left //
+// ,                                 | left to right //
+//---------------------------------------------------//
+
 ```
 
 ## Further Reading