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add vim9script as translation of @hiphish 's legacy vimscript file
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vim9script.md
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vim9script.md
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---
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name: Vim9script
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filename: learn9vimscript.vim
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contributors:
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- ["HiPhish", "http://hiphish.github.io/"]
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---
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```vim
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# ##############
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# Introduction
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# ##############
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# Vim9 script is a modernized version of Vim's scripting language, offering features like variables, functions, and loops.
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# Accoding to `:help vim9-differences`, the principal differences from legacy Vim script are as follows:
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#
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# - Comments start with #, not ": >
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# echo "hello" # comment
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# - Using a backslash for line continuation is hardly ever needed: >
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# echo "hello "
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# .. yourName
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# .. ", how are you?"
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# - White space is required in many places to improve readability.
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# - Assign values without `:let` *E1126* , declare variables with `:var`: >
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# var count = 0
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# count += 3
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# - Constants can be declared with `:final` and `:const`: >
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# final matches = [] # add to the list later
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# const names = ['Betty', 'Peter'] # cannot be changed
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# - `:final` cannot be used as an abbreviation of `:finally`.
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# - Variables and functions are script-local by default.
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# - Functions are declared with argument types and return type: >
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# def CallMe(count: number, message: string): bool
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# - Call functions without `:call`: >
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# writefile(['done'], 'file.txt')
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# - You cannot use old Ex commands:
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# `:Print`
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# `:append`
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# `:change`
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# `:d` directly followed by 'd' or 'p'.
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# `:insert`
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# `:k`
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# `:mode`
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# `:open`
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# `:s` with only flags
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# `:t`
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# `:xit`
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# - Some commands, especially those used for flow control, cannot be shortened.
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# E.g., `:throw` cannot be written as `:th`. *vim9-no-shorten*
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# - You cannot use curly-braces names.
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# - A range before a command must be prefixed with a colon: >
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# :%s/this/that
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# - Executing a register with "@r" does not work, you can prepend a colon or use
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# `:exe`: >
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# :exe @a
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# - Unless mentioned specifically, the highest |scriptversion| is used.
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# - When defining an expression mapping, the expression will be evaluated in the
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# context of the script where it was defined.
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# - When indexing a string the index is counted in characters, not bytes:
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# |vim9-string-index|
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# - Some possibly unexpected differences: |vim9-gotchas|.
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#
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# You can run Vim9 script commands in command-line mode or write them to a file and source it in Vim.
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# This guide assumes familiarity with ex-commands and focuses on scripting.
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# Comments start with #
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# The vertical line '|' separates commands
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echo 'Hello' | echo 'world!'
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# Putting a comment after a command usually works
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pwd # Displays the current working directory
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# Line continuation is rarely needed
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echo "Hello "
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.. "world"
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echo [1, 2]
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echo {
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'a': 1,
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'b': 2
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}
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# #######
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# Types
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# #######
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# Numbers
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echo 123 # Decimal
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echo 0b1111011 # Binary
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echo 0173 # Octal
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echo 0x7B # Hexadecimal
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echo 123.0 # Floating-point
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echo 1.23e2 # Floating-point (scientific notation)
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# Booleans
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echo true # Evaluates to true
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echo false # Evaluates to false
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# Boolean values from comparison
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echo x == y # Equality by value
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echo x != y # Inequality
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echo x > y # Greater than
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echo x >= y # Greater than or equal
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echo x < y # Smaller than
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echo x <= y # Smaller than or equal
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echo x is y # Instance identity
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echo x isnot y # Instance non-identity
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# Strings
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echo 'a' < 'B' # True or false depending on 'ignorecase'
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echo 'a' <? 'B' # True
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echo 'a' <# 'B' # False
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# Regular expression matching
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echo "hi" =~ "hello" # Regular expression match
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echo "hi" =~# "hello" # Case sensitive
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echo "hi" =~? "hello" # Case insensitive
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echo "hi" !~ "hello" # Regular expression unmatch
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echo "hi" !~# "hello" # Case sensitive
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echo "hi" !~? "hello" # Case insensitive
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# Boolean operations
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echo true && false # Logical AND
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echo true || false # Logical OR
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echo !true # Logical NOT
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echo true ? 'yes' : 'no' # Ternary operator
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# Strings
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echo "Hello world\n" # Newline
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echo 'Hello world\n' # Literal
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echo 'Let''s go!' # Two single quotes become one
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# String concatenation
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echo 'Hello ' .. 'world' # String concatenation
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# String indexing
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echo 'Hello'[0] # First character
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echo 'Hello'[1] # Second character
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echo 'Hellö'[4] # Returns a character
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# Substrings
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echo 'Hello'[:] # Copy of entire string
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echo 'Hello'[1:3] # Substring
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echo 'Hello'[1:-2] # Substring until second to last character
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echo 'Hello'[1:] # Substring with starting index
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echo 'Hello'[:2] # Substring with ending index
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echo 'Hello'[-2:] # Substring relative to end
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# Lists
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echo [] # Empty list
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echo [1, 2, 'Hello'] # List with elements
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echo [1, 2, 'Hello', ] # Trailing comma permitted
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echo [[1, 2], 'Hello'] # Nested lists
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# List concatenation
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echo [1, 2] + [3, 4] # Creates a new list
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# List indexing
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echo [1, 2, 3, 4][2] # Third element
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echo [1, 2, 3, 4][-1] # Last element
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# List slicing
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echo [1, 2, 3, 4][:] # Shallow copy
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echo [1, 2, 3, 4][:2] # Sublist until third item
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echo [1, 2, 3, 4][2:] # Sublist from third item
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echo [1, 2, 3, 4][:-2] # Sublist until second-to-last item
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# Dictionaries
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echo {} # Empty dictionary
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echo {'a': 1, 'b': 2} # Dictionary literal
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echo {'a': 1, 'b': 2, } # Trailing comma permitted
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echo {'x': {'a': 1, 'b': 2}} # Nested dictionary
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# Indexing a dictionary
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echo {'a': 1, 'b': 2}['a'] # Literal index
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echo {'a': 1, 'b': 2}.a # Syntactic sugar
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# Funcref
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echo function('type') # Reference to function type()
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echo {x -> x * x} # Anonymous function
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# Regular expression
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substitute/hello/Hello/
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# ###########################
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# Implicit type conversions
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# ###########################
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echo "1" + 1 # Number
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echo "1" .. 1 # String
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echo "0xA" + 1 # Number
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# ###########
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# Variables
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# ###########
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var b_my_var = 1 # Local to current buffer
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var w_my_var = 1 # Local to current window
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var t_my_var = 1 # Local to current tab page
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var g_my_var = 1 # Global variable
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var l_my_var = 1 # Local to current function
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var s_my_var = 1 # Local to current script file
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var a_my_arg = 1 # Function argument
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# The Vim scope is read-only
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echo true # Special built-in Vim variables
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# Access special Vim memory like variables
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var @a = 'Hello' # Register
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var $PATH='' # Environment variable
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var &textwidth = 79 # Option
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var &l_textwidth = 79 # Local option
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var &g_textwidth = 79 # Global option
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# Access scopes as dictionaries
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echo b: # All buffer variables
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echo w: # All window variables
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echo t: # All tab page variables
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echo g: # All global variables
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echo l: # All local variables
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echo s: # All script variables
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echo a: # All function arguments
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echo v: # All Vim variables
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# Constant variables
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const x = 10 # Constant
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# Function reference variables
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var IsString = {x -> type(x) == type('')} # Global
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var s_isNumber = {x -> type(x) == type(0)} # Local
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# Multiple value binding
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var [x, y] = [1, 2]
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# Assign the remainder to a rest variable
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var [mother, father; children] = ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Carol', 'Dennis', 'Emily']
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# ##############
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# Flow control
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# ##############
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# Conditional
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var condition = true
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if condition
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echo 'First condition'
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elseif another_condition
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echo 'Second condition'
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else
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echo 'Fail'
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endif
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# Loops
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# For-loop
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for person in ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Carol', 'Dennis', 'Emily']
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echo 'Hello ' .. person
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endfor
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# Iterate over a nested list
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for [x, y] in [[1, 0], [0, 1], [-1, 0], [0, -1]]
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echo 'Position: x =' .. x .. ', y = ' .. y
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endfor
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# Iterate over a range of numbers
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for i in range(10, 0, -1)
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echo 'T minus' .. i
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endfor
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# Iterate over the keys of a dictionary
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for symbol in keys({'π': 3.14, 'e': 2.71})
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echo 'The constant ' .. symbol .. ' is a transcendent number'
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endfor
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# Iterate over the values of a dictionary
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for value in values({'π': 3.14, 'e': 2.71})
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echo 'The value ' .. value .. ' approximates a transcendent number'
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endfor
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# Iterate over the keys and values of a dictionary
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for [symbol, value] in items({'π': 3.14, 'e': 2.71})
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echo 'The number ' .. symbol .. ' is approximately ' .. value
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endfor
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# While-loops
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var there_yet = true
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while !there_yet
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echo 'Are we there yet?'
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endwhile
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# Exception handling
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try
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source path/to/file
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catch /Cannot open/
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echo 'Looks like that file does not exist'
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catch /.*/
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echo 'Something went wrong, but I do not know what'
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finally
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echo 'I am done trying'
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endtry
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# ##########
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# Functions
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# ##########
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# Defining functions
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def AddNumbersLoudly(x: number, y: number): number
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echo 'Adding' .. x .. 'and' .. y
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return x + y
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enddef
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def s:addNumbersLoudly(x: number, y: number): number
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echo 'Adding' .. x .. 'and' .. y
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return x + y
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enddef
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# Range functions
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def FirstAndLastLine() range
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echo [a:firstline, a:lastline]
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enddef
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# Aborting functions
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def SourceMyFile() abort
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source my-file.vim
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echo 'This will never be printed'
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enddef
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# Closures
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def MakeAdder(x: number)
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def Adder(n: number) closure
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return n + x
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enddef
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return funcref('Adder')
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enddef
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var AddFive = MakeAdder(5)
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echo AddFive(3) # Prints 8
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# Dictionary functions
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def Mylen() dict
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return len(self.data)
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enddef
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var mydict = {'data': [0, 1, 2, 3], 'len': function("Mylen")}
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echo mydict.len()
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# Alternatively, more concise
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var mydict = {'data': [0, 1, 2, 3]}
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def mydict.len()
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return len(self.data)
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enddef
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# Calling functions
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var animals = keys({'cow': 'moo', 'dog': 'woof', 'cat': 'meow'})
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# Call a function for its side effects only
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call sign_undefine()
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# The call() function
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echo call(function('get'), [{'a': 1, 'b': 2}, 'c', 3]) # Prints 3
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# Function namespaces
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def foo#bar#log(value: string)
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echomsg value
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enddef
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call foo#bar#log('Hello')
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# #############################
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# Frequently used ex-commands
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# #############################
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# Sourcing runtime files
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runtime plugin/my-plugin.vim
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# Defining new ex-commands
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command! SwapAdjacentLines normal! ddp
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command! -nargs=1 Error echoerr <args>
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# Defining auto-commands
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autocmd BufWritePost $MYVIMRC source $MYVIMRC
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# Auto groups
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augroup auto-source
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autocmd!
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autocmd BufWritePost $MYVIMRC source $MYVIMRC
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augroup END
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# Executing
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var line = 3
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execute line .. 'delete'
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# Executing normal-mode commands
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normal! ggddGp
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# Window commands
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wincmd L
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# ###########################
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# Frequently used functions
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# ###########################
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# Feature check
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echo has('nvim')
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echo has('python3')
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echo has('unix')
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echo has('win32')
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# Test if something exists
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echo exists('&mouse')
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echo exists('+mouse')
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echo exists('$HOSTNAME')
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echo exists('*strftime')
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echo exists('**s:MyFunc')
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echo exists('bufcount')
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echo exists('my_dict["foo"]')
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echo exists(':Make')
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echo exists("#CursorHold")
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echo exists("#BufReadPre#*.gz")
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echo exists("#filetypeindent")
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echo exists("##ColorScheme")
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# Various dynamic values
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echo expand('%')
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echo expand('<cword>')
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echo expand('%:p')
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# Type tests
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echo type(my_var) == v:t_number
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echo type(my_var) == v:t_string
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echo type(my_var) == v:t_func
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echo type(my_var) == v:t_list
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echo type(my_var) == v:t_dict
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echo type(my_var) == v:t_float
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echo type(my_var) == v:t_bool
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echo my_var is v:null
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# Format strings
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echo printf('%d in hexadecimal is %X', 123, 123)
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# #####################
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# Tricks of the trade
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# #####################
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# Source guard
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if exists('g:loaded_my_plugin')
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finish
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endif
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var g_loaded_my_plugin = true
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# Default values
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var s_greeting = get(g:, 'my_plugin_greeting', 'Hello')
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```
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