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--- ---
language: "Lisp Flavoured Erlang (LFE)"
language: "Lisp Flavoured Erlang(LFE)"
filename: lispflavourederlang.lfe filename: lispflavourederlang.lfe
contributors: contributors:
- ["Pratik Karki", "https://github.com/prertik"] - ["Pratik Karki", "https://github.com/prertik"]
--- ---
Lisp Flavoured Erlang(LFE) is a functional, concurrent, general-purpose programming Lisp Flavoured Erlang (LFE) is a functional, concurrent, general-purpose programming
language and Lisp dialect(Lisp-2) built on top of Core Erlang and the Erlang Virtual Machine(BEAM). language and Lisp dialect (Lisp-2) built on top of Core Erlang and the Erlang Virtual Machine (BEAM).
LFE can be obtained from [LFE](https://github.com/rvirding/lfe)
The classic starting point is [LFE DOCS.](http://docs.lfe.io)
Another new site is being built to replace it.[LFE DEV.](http://docs.lfe.io/dev)
LFE can be obtained from [LFE](https://github.com/rvirding/lfe).
The classic starting point is the [LFE docs](http://docs.lfe.io).
```lisp ```lisp
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
@ -24,7 +18,7 @@ Another new site is being built to replace it.[LFE DEV.](http://docs.lfe.io/dev)
;;; General form. ;;; General form.
;; Lisp comprises of two syntax called: the ATOM and the S-expression. ;; Lisp is comprised of two syntaxes, the ATOM and the S-expression.
;; `forms` are known as grouped S-expressions. ;; `forms` are known as grouped S-expressions.
8 ; an atom; it evaluates to itself 8 ; an atom; it evaluates to itself
@ -55,7 +49,7 @@ t ; another atom which denotes true.
;; Libraries can be used directly from the Erlang ecosystem. Rebar3 is the build tool. ;; Libraries can be used directly from the Erlang ecosystem. Rebar3 is the build tool.
;; LFE is usually developed with a text editor(preferably Emacs) and a REPL ;; LFE is usually developed with a text editor(preferably Emacs) and a REPL
;; (Read Evaluate Print Loop) running at the same time. The REPL ;; (Read Evaluate Print Loop) running at the same time. The REPL
;; allows for interactive exploration of the program as it is "live" ;; allows for interactive exploration of the program as it is "live"
;; in the system. ;; in the system.
@ -65,18 +59,18 @@ t ; another atom which denotes true.
;;; Integers ;;; Integers
1234 -123 ; Regular decimal notation 1234 -123 ; Regular decimal notation
#b0 #b10101 ; Binary notation #b0 #b10101 ; Binary notation
#0 #10101 ; Binary notation (alternative form) #0 #10101 ; Binary notation (alternative form)
#o377 #o-111 ; Octal notation #o377 #o-111 ; Octal notation
#d123456789 #d+123 ; Explicitly decimal notation #d123456789 #d+123 ; Explicitly decimal notation
#xc0ffe 0x-01 ; Hexadecimal notation #xc0ffe 0x-01 ; Hexadecimal notation
#2r1010 #8r377 ;Notation with explicit base (up to 36) #2r1010 #8r377 ;Notation with explicit base (up to 36)
#\a #$ #\ä #\🐭 ;Character notation (the value is the Unicode code point of the character) #\a #$ #\ä #\🐭 ;Character notation (the value is the Unicode code point of the character)
#\x1f42d; ;Character notation with the value in hexadecimal #\x1f42d; ;Character notation with the value in hexadecimal
;;; Floating point numbers ;;; Floating point numbers
1.0 +2.0 -1.5 1.0e10 1.111e-10 1.0 +2.0 -1.5 1.0e10 1.111e-10
;;; Strings ;;; Strings
@ -85,25 +79,25 @@ t ; another atom which denotes true.
"Cat: \x1f639;" ; writing unicode in string for regular font ending with semicolon. "Cat: \x1f639;" ; writing unicode in string for regular font ending with semicolon.
#"This is a binary string \n with some \"escaped\" and quoted (\x1f639;) characters" #"This is a binary string \n with some \"escaped\" and quoted (\x1f639;) characters"
; Binary strings are just strings but function different in the VM. ; Binary strings are just strings but function different in the VM.
; Other ways of writing it are: #B("a"), #"a", and #B(97). ; Other ways of writing it are: #B("a"), #"a", and #B(97).
;;; Character escaping ;;; Character escaping
\b ; => Backspace \b ; => Backspace
\t ; => Tab \t ; => Tab
\n ; => Newline \n ; => Newline
\v ; => Vertical tab \v ; => Vertical tab
\f ; => Form Feed \f ; => Form Feed
\r ; => Carriage Return \r ; => Carriage Return
\e ; => Escape \e ; => Escape
\s ; => Space \s ; => Space
\d ; => Delete \d ; => Delete
;;; Binaries ;;; Binaries
;; It is used to create binaries with any contents. ;; It is used to create binaries with any contents.
#B((#"a" binary) (#"b" binary)) ; #"ab" (Evaluated form) #B((#"a" binary) (#"b" binary)) ; #"ab" (Evaluated form)
;;; Lists are: () or (foo bar baz) ;;; Lists are: () or (foo bar baz)
@ -114,7 +108,7 @@ t ; another atom which denotes true.
;;; Symbols: Things that cannot be parsed. Eg: foo, Foo, foo-bar, :foo ;;; Symbols: Things that cannot be parsed. Eg: foo, Foo, foo-bar, :foo
| foo | ; explicit construction of symbol by wrapping vertical bars. | foo | ; explicit construction of symbol by wrapping vertical bars.
;;; Evaluation ;;; Evaluation
;; #.(... some expression ...). E.g. '#.(+ 1 1) will evaluate the (+ 1 1) while it ;; reads the expression and then be effectively '2. ;; #.(... some expression ...). E.g. '#.(+ 1 1) will evaluate the (+ 1 1) while it ;; reads the expression and then be effectively '2.
@ -130,7 +124,7 @@ lfe> (list-comp
;; 2. Core forms ;; 2. Core forms
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; These forms are same as those found at Common Lisp and Scheme. ;; These forms are the same as those found in Common Lisp and Scheme.
(quote e) (quote e)
(cons head tail) (cons head tail)
@ -189,8 +183,8 @@ lfe> (list-comp
;; 3. Macros ;; 3. Macros
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; Macros are part of the language to allow you to create abstractions ;; Macros are part of the language and allow you to create abstractions
;; on top of the core language and standard library that move you closer ;; on top of the core language and standard library that move you closer
;; toward being able to directly express the things you want to express. ;; toward being able to directly express the things you want to express.
;; Top-level function ;; Top-level function
@ -215,7 +209,7 @@ lfe> (list-comp
((argpat ...) ...) ((argpat ...) ...)
...) ...)
;; Top-level macro using Scheme inspired syntax-rules format ;; Top-level macro using Scheme inspired syntax-rules format
(defsyntax name (defsyntax name
(pat exp) (pat exp)
@ -226,7 +220,7 @@ lfe> (list-comp
(macrolet ((name (arg ... ) ... ) (macrolet ((name (arg ... ) ... )
... ) ... )
... ) ... )
(syntaxlet ((name (pat exp) ...) (syntaxlet ((name (pat exp) ...)
...) ...)
...) ...)
@ -258,12 +252,12 @@ lfe> (list-comp
;; [P|Ps]=All (= (cons p ps) all) ;; [P|Ps]=All (= (cons p ps) all)
_ ; => is don't care while pattern matching _ ; => is don't care while pattern matching
(= pattern1 pattern2) ; => easier, better version of pattern matching (= pattern1 pattern2) ; => easier, better version of pattern matching
;; Guards ;; Guards
;; Whenever pattern occurs(let, case, receive, lc, etc) it can be followed by an optional ;; Whenever pattern occurs (let, case, receive, lc, etc) it can be followed by an optional
;; guard which has the form (when test ...). ;; guard which has the form (when test ...).
(progn gtest ...) ;; => Sequence of guard tests (progn gtest ...) ;; => Sequence of guard tests
@ -316,19 +310,19 @@ lfe>msg
;; Functions are bound by top-level defun, flet and fletrec. ;; Functions are bound by top-level defun, flet and fletrec.
;; Macros are bound by top-level defmacro/defsyntax and by macrolet/syntaxlet. ;; Macros are bound by top-level defmacro/defsyntax and by macrolet/syntaxlet.
;; (funcall func arg ...) like CL to call lambdas/match-lambdas ;; (funcall func arg ...) like CL to call lambdas/match-lambdas
;; (funs) bound to variables are used. ;; (funs) bound to variables are used.
;; separate bindings and special for apply. ;; separate bindings and special for apply.
apply _F (...), apply _F (...),
apply _F/3 ( a1, a2, a3 ) apply _F/3 ( a1, a2, a3 )
;; Cons'ing in function heads ;; Cons'ing in function heads
(defun sum (l) (sum l 0)) (defun sum (l) (sum l 0))
(defun sum (defun sum
(('() total) total) (('() total) total)
(((cons h t) total) (sum t (+ h total)))) (((cons h t) total) (sum t (+ h total))))
;; ``cons`` literal instead of constructor form ;; ``cons`` literal instead of constructor form
(defun sum (l) (sum l 0)) (defun sum (l) (sum l 0))
(defun sum (defun sum
@ -349,7 +343,7 @@ apply _F/3 ( a1, a2, a3 )
(receive (receive
((tuple 'become func) ((tuple 'become func)
(funcall func)))) (funcall func))))
;; another way for receiving messages ;; another way for receiving messages
(defun universal-server () (defun universal-server ()
@ -392,7 +386,7 @@ apply _F/3 ( a1, a2, a3 )
(defun send-message (calling-pid msg) (defun send-message (calling-pid msg)
(let ((spawned-pid (spawn 'messenger-back 'print-result ()))) (let ((spawned-pid (spawn 'messenger-back 'print-result ())))
(! spawned-pid (tuple calling-pid msg)))) (! spawned-pid (tuple calling-pid msg))))
;; Multiple simultaneous HTTP Requests: ;; Multiple simultaneous HTTP Requests:
(defun parse-args (flag) (defun parse-args (flag)
@ -437,22 +431,15 @@ apply _F/3 ( a1, a2, a3 )
(io:format "Error: ~p~n" `(,reason))) (io:format "Error: ~p~n" `(,reason)))
(`#(http #(,request-id ,result)) (`#(http #(,request-id ,result))
(io:format "Result: ~p~n" `(,result)))))) (io:format "Result: ~p~n" `(,result))))))
;; Check out Erlang's documentation for more concurrency and OTP docs.
``` ```
## Further Reading ## Further Reading
* [LFE DOCS](http://docs.lfe.io) * [LFE DOCS](http://docs.lfe.io)
* [LFE GitBook](https://lfe.gitbooks.io/reference-guide/index.html) * [LFE GitBook](https://lfe.gitbooks.io/reference-guide/index.html)
* [LFE Wiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFE_(programming_language)) * [LFE Wiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFE_(programming_language))
## Extra Info ## Extra Info
* [LFE PDF](http://www.erlang-factory.com/upload/presentations/61/Robertvirding-LispFlavouredErlang.pdf)
* [LFE mail](https://groups.google.com/d/msg/lisp-flavoured-erlang/XA5HeLbQQDk/TUHabZCHXB0J)
## Credits
Lots of thanks to Robert Virding for creating LFE, Duncan McGreggor for documenting it and other LFE contributors who made LFE awesome.
* [LFE PDF](http://www.erlang-factory.com/upload/presentations/61/Robertvirding-LispFlavouredErlang.pdf)
* [LFE mail](https://groups.google.com/d/msg/lisp-flavoured-erlang/XA5HeLbQQDk/TUHabZCHXB0J)