Remove multiline comments

Julia introduced "#=" and "=#" as the delimiters
for multiline comments.
This commit is contained in:
Guillermo Garza 2014-03-18 13:57:02 -05:00
parent a045c44c98
commit 9395900afd

View File

@ -21,58 +21,58 @@ This is based on the current development version of Julia, as of October 18th, 2
# Everything in Julia is a expression. # Everything in Julia is a expression.
# There are several basic types of numbers. # There are several basic types of numbers.
3 #=> 3 (Int64) 3 # => 3 (Int64)
3.2 #=> 3.2 (Float64) 3.2 # => 3.2 (Float64)
2 + 1im #=> 2 + 1im (Complex{Int64}) 2 + 1im # => 2 + 1im (Complex{Int64})
2//3 #=> 2//3 (Rational{Int64}) 2//3 # => 2//3 (Rational{Int64})
# All of the normal infix operators are available. # All of the normal infix operators are available.
1 + 1 #=> 2 1 + 1 # => 2
8 - 1 #=> 7 8 - 1 # => 7
10 * 2 #=> 20 10 * 2 # => 20
35 / 5 #=> 7.0 35 / 5 # => 7.0
5 / 2 #=> 2.5 # dividing an Int by an Int always results in a Float 5 / 2 # => 2.5 # dividing an Int by an Int always results in a Float
div(5, 2) #=> 2 # for a truncated result, use div div(5, 2) # => 2 # for a truncated result, use div
5 \ 35 #=> 7.0 5 \ 35 # => 7.0
2 ^ 2 #=> 4 # power, not bitwise xor 2 ^ 2 # => 4 # power, not bitwise xor
12 % 10 #=> 2 12 % 10 # => 2
# Enforce precedence with parentheses # Enforce precedence with parentheses
(1 + 3) * 2 #=> 8 (1 + 3) * 2 # => 8
# Bitwise Operators # Bitwise Operators
~2 #=> -3 # bitwise not ~2 # => -3 # bitwise not
3 & 5 #=> 1 # bitwise and 3 & 5 # => 1 # bitwise and
2 | 4 #=> 6 # bitwise or 2 | 4 # => 6 # bitwise or
2 $ 4 #=> 6 # bitwise xor 2 $ 4 # => 6 # bitwise xor
2 >>> 1 #=> 1 # logical shift right 2 >>> 1 # => 1 # logical shift right
2 >> 1 #=> 1 # arithmetic shift right 2 >> 1 # => 1 # arithmetic shift right
2 << 1 #=> 4 # logical/arithmetic shift left 2 << 1 # => 4 # logical/arithmetic shift left
# You can use the bits function to see the binary representation of a number. # You can use the bits function to see the binary representation of a number.
bits(12345) bits(12345)
#=> "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011000000111001" # => "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011000000111001"
bits(12345.0) bits(12345.0)
#=> "0100000011001000000111001000000000000000000000000000000000000000" # => "0100000011001000000111001000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
# Boolean values are primitives # Boolean values are primitives
true true
false false
# Boolean operators # Boolean operators
!true #=> false !true # => false
!false #=> true !false # => true
1 == 1 #=> true 1 == 1 # => true
2 == 1 #=> false 2 == 1 # => false
1 != 1 #=> false 1 != 1 # => false
2 != 1 #=> true 2 != 1 # => true
1 < 10 #=> true 1 < 10 # => true
1 > 10 #=> false 1 > 10 # => false
2 <= 2 #=> true 2 <= 2 # => true
2 >= 2 #=> true 2 >= 2 # => true
# Comparisons can be chained # Comparisons can be chained
1 < 2 < 3 #=> true 1 < 2 < 3 # => true
2 < 3 < 2 #=> false 2 < 3 < 2 # => false
# Strings are created with " # Strings are created with "
"This is a string." "This is a string."
@ -81,12 +81,12 @@ false
'a' 'a'
# A string can be indexed like an array of characters # A string can be indexed like an array of characters
"This is a string"[1] #=> 'T' # Julia indexes from 1 "This is a string"[1] # => 'T' # Julia indexes from 1
# However, this is will not work well for UTF8 strings, # However, this is will not work well for UTF8 strings,
# so iterating over strings is recommended (map, for loops, etc). # so iterating over strings is recommended (map, for loops, etc).
# $ can be used for string interpolation: # $ can be used for string interpolation:
"2 + 2 = $(2 + 2)" #=> "2 + 2 = 4" "2 + 2 = $(2 + 2)" # => "2 + 2 = 4"
# You can put any Julia expression inside the parenthesis. # You can put any Julia expression inside the parenthesis.
# Another way to format strings is the printf macro. # Another way to format strings is the printf macro.
@ -100,24 +100,24 @@ println("I'm Julia. Nice to meet you!")
#################################################### ####################################################
# You don't declare variables before assigning to them. # You don't declare variables before assigning to them.
some_var = 5 #=> 5 some_var = 5 # => 5
some_var #=> 5 some_var # => 5
# Accessing a previously unassigned variable is an error # Accessing a previously unassigned variable is an error
try try
some_other_var #=> ERROR: some_other_var not defined some_other_var # => ERROR: some_other_var not defined
catch e catch e
println(e) println(e)
end end
# Variable names start with a letter. # Variable names start with a letter.
# After that, you can use letters, digits, underscores, and exclamation points. # After that, you can use letters, digits, underscores, and exclamation points.
SomeOtherVar123! = 6 #=> 6 SomeOtherVar123! = 6 # => 6
# You can also use unicode characters # You can also use unicode characters
☃ = 8 #=> 8 ☃ = 8 # => 8
# These are especially handy for mathematical notation # These are especially handy for mathematical notation
2 * π #=> 6.283185307179586 2 * π # => 6.283185307179586
# A note on naming conventions in Julia: # A note on naming conventions in Julia:
# #
@ -133,49 +133,49 @@ SomeOtherVar123! = 6 #=> 6
# functions are sometimes called mutating functions or in-place functions. # functions are sometimes called mutating functions or in-place functions.
# Arrays store a sequence of values indexed by integers 1 through n: # Arrays store a sequence of values indexed by integers 1 through n:
a = Int64[] #=> 0-element Int64 Array a = Int64[] # => 0-element Int64 Array
# 1-dimensional array literals can be written with comma-separated values. # 1-dimensional array literals can be written with comma-separated values.
b = [4, 5, 6] #=> 3-element Int64 Array: [4, 5, 6] b = [4, 5, 6] # => 3-element Int64 Array: [4, 5, 6]
b[1] #=> 4 b[1] # => 4
b[end] #=> 6 b[end] # => 6
# 2-dimentional arrays use space-separated values and semicolon-separated rows. # 2-dimentional arrays use space-separated values and semicolon-separated rows.
matrix = [1 2; 3 4] #=> 2x2 Int64 Array: [1 2; 3 4] matrix = [1 2; 3 4] # => 2x2 Int64 Array: [1 2; 3 4]
# Add stuff to the end of a list with push! and append! # Add stuff to the end of a list with push! and append!
push!(a,1) #=> [1] push!(a,1) # => [1]
push!(a,2) #=> [1,2] push!(a,2) # => [1,2]
push!(a,4) #=> [1,2,4] push!(a,4) # => [1,2,4]
push!(a,3) #=> [1,2,4,3] push!(a,3) # => [1,2,4,3]
append!(a,b) #=> [1,2,4,3,4,5,6] append!(a,b) # => [1,2,4,3,4,5,6]
# Remove from the end with pop # Remove from the end with pop
pop!(b) #=> 6 and b is now [4,5] pop!(b) # => 6 and b is now [4,5]
# Let's put it back # Let's put it back
push!(b,6) # b is now [4,5,6] again. push!(b,6) # b is now [4,5,6] again.
a[1] #=> 1 # remember that Julia indexes from 1, not 0! a[1] # => 1 # remember that Julia indexes from 1, not 0!
# end is a shorthand for the last index. It can be used in any # end is a shorthand for the last index. It can be used in any
# indexing expression # indexing expression
a[end] #=> 6 a[end] # => 6
# we also have shift and unshift # we also have shift and unshift
shift!(a) #=> 1 and a is now [2,4,3,4,5,6] shift!(a) # => 1 and a is now [2,4,3,4,5,6]
unshift!(a,7) #=> [7,2,4,3,4,5,6] unshift!(a,7) # => [7,2,4,3,4,5,6]
# Function names that end in exclamations points indicate that they modify # Function names that end in exclamations points indicate that they modify
# their argument. # their argument.
arr = [5,4,6] #=> 3-element Int64 Array: [5,4,6] arr = [5,4,6] # => 3-element Int64 Array: [5,4,6]
sort(arr) #=> [4,5,6]; arr is still [5,4,6] sort(arr) # => [4,5,6]; arr is still [5,4,6]
sort!(arr) #=> [4,5,6]; arr is now [4,5,6] sort!(arr) # => [4,5,6]; arr is now [4,5,6]
# Looking out of bounds is a BoundsError # Looking out of bounds is a BoundsError
try try
a[0] #=> ERROR: BoundsError() in getindex at array.jl:270 a[0] # => ERROR: BoundsError() in getindex at array.jl:270
a[end+1] #=> ERROR: BoundsError() in getindex at array.jl:270 a[end+1] # => ERROR: BoundsError() in getindex at array.jl:270
catch e catch e
println(e) println(e)
end end
@ -185,110 +185,110 @@ end
# inside the julia folder to find these files. # inside the julia folder to find these files.
# You can initialize arrays from ranges # You can initialize arrays from ranges
a = [1:5] #=> 5-element Int64 Array: [1,2,3,4,5] a = [1:5] # => 5-element Int64 Array: [1,2,3,4,5]
# You can look at ranges with slice syntax. # You can look at ranges with slice syntax.
a[1:3] #=> [1, 2, 3] a[1:3] # => [1, 2, 3]
a[2:] #=> [2, 3, 4, 5] a[2:] # => [2, 3, 4, 5]
a[2:end] #=> [2, 3, 4, 5] a[2:end] # => [2, 3, 4, 5]
# Remove elements from an array by index with splice! # Remove elements from an array by index with splice!
arr = [3,4,5] arr = [3,4,5]
splice!(arr,2) #=> 4 ; arr is now [3,5] splice!(arr,2) # => 4 ; arr is now [3,5]
# Concatenate lists with append! # Concatenate lists with append!
b = [1,2,3] b = [1,2,3]
append!(a,b) # Now a is [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3] append!(a,b) # Now a is [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3]
# Check for existence in a list with in # Check for existence in a list with in
in(1, a) #=> true in(1, a) # => true
# Examine the length with length # Examine the length with length
length(a) #=> 8 length(a) # => 8
# Tuples are immutable. # Tuples are immutable.
tup = (1, 2, 3) #=> (1,2,3) # an (Int64,Int64,Int64) tuple. tup = (1, 2, 3) # => (1,2,3) # an (Int64,Int64,Int64) tuple.
tup[1] #=> 1 tup[1] # => 1
try: try:
tup[1] = 3 #=> ERROR: no method setindex!((Int64,Int64,Int64),Int64,Int64) tup[1] = 3 # => ERROR: no method setindex!((Int64,Int64,Int64),Int64,Int64)
catch e catch e
println(e) println(e)
end end
# Many list functions also work on tuples # Many list functions also work on tuples
length(tup) #=> 3 length(tup) # => 3
tup[1:2] #=> (1,2) tup[1:2] # => (1,2)
in(2, tup) #=> true in(2, tup) # => true
# You can unpack tuples into variables # You can unpack tuples into variables
a, b, c = (1, 2, 3) #=> (1,2,3) # a is now 1, b is now 2 and c is now 3 a, b, c = (1, 2, 3) # => (1,2,3) # a is now 1, b is now 2 and c is now 3
# Tuples are created even if you leave out the parentheses # Tuples are created even if you leave out the parentheses
d, e, f = 4, 5, 6 #=> (4,5,6) d, e, f = 4, 5, 6 # => (4,5,6)
# A 1-element tuple is distinct from the value it contains # A 1-element tuple is distinct from the value it contains
(1,) == 1 #=> false (1,) == 1 # => false
(1) == 1 #=> true (1) == 1 # => true
# Look how easy it is to swap two values # Look how easy it is to swap two values
e, d = d, e #=> (5,4) # d is now 5 and e is now 4 e, d = d, e # => (5,4) # d is now 5 and e is now 4
# Dictionaries store mappings # Dictionaries store mappings
empty_dict = Dict() #=> Dict{Any,Any}() empty_dict = Dict() # => Dict{Any,Any}()
# You can create a dictionary using a literal # You can create a dictionary using a literal
filled_dict = ["one"=> 1, "two"=> 2, "three"=> 3] filled_dict = ["one"=> 1, "two"=> 2, "three"=> 3]
# => Dict{ASCIIString,Int64} # => Dict{ASCIIString,Int64}
# Look up values with [] # Look up values with []
filled_dict["one"] #=> 1 filled_dict["one"] # => 1
# Get all keys # Get all keys
keys(filled_dict) keys(filled_dict)
#=> KeyIterator{Dict{ASCIIString,Int64}}(["three"=>3,"one"=>1,"two"=>2]) # => KeyIterator{Dict{ASCIIString,Int64}}(["three"=>3,"one"=>1,"two"=>2])
# Note - dictionary keys are not sorted or in the order you inserted them. # Note - dictionary keys are not sorted or in the order you inserted them.
# Get all values # Get all values
values(filled_dict) values(filled_dict)
#=> ValueIterator{Dict{ASCIIString,Int64}}(["three"=>3,"one"=>1,"two"=>2]) # => ValueIterator{Dict{ASCIIString,Int64}}(["three"=>3,"one"=>1,"two"=>2])
# Note - Same as above regarding key ordering. # Note - Same as above regarding key ordering.
# Check for existence of keys in a dictionary with in, haskey # Check for existence of keys in a dictionary with in, haskey
in(("one", 1), filled_dict) #=> true in(("one", 1), filled_dict) # => true
in(("two", 3), filled_dict) #=> false in(("two", 3), filled_dict) # => false
haskey(filled_dict, "one") #=> true haskey(filled_dict, "one") # => true
haskey(filled_dict, 1) #=> false haskey(filled_dict, 1) # => false
# Trying to look up a non-existant key will raise an error # Trying to look up a non-existant key will raise an error
try try
filled_dict["four"] #=> ERROR: key not found: four in getindex at dict.jl:489 filled_dict["four"] # => ERROR: key not found: four in getindex at dict.jl:489
catch e catch e
println(e) println(e)
end end
# Use the get method to avoid that error by providing a default value # Use the get method to avoid that error by providing a default value
# get(dictionary,key,default_value) # get(dictionary,key,default_value)
get(filled_dict,"one",4) #=> 1 get(filled_dict,"one",4) # => 1
get(filled_dict,"four",4) #=> 4 get(filled_dict,"four",4) # => 4
# Use Sets to represent collections of unordered, unique values # Use Sets to represent collections of unordered, unique values
empty_set = Set() #=> Set{Any}() empty_set = Set() # => Set{Any}()
# Initialize a set with values # Initialize a set with values
filled_set = Set(1,2,2,3,4) #=> Set{Int64}(1,2,3,4) filled_set = Set(1,2,2,3,4) # => Set{Int64}(1,2,3,4)
# Add more values to a set # Add more values to a set
push!(filled_set,5) #=> Set{Int64}(5,4,2,3,1) push!(filled_set,5) # => Set{Int64}(5,4,2,3,1)
# Check if the values are in the set # Check if the values are in the set
in(2, filled_set) #=> true in(2, filled_set) # => true
in(10, filled_set) #=> false in(10, filled_set) # => false
# There are functions for set intersection, union, and difference. # There are functions for set intersection, union, and difference.
other_set = Set(3, 4, 5, 6) #=> Set{Int64}(6,4,5,3) other_set = Set(3, 4, 5, 6) # => Set{Int64}(6,4,5,3)
intersect(filled_set, other_set) #=> Set{Int64}(3,4,5) intersect(filled_set, other_set) # => Set{Int64}(3,4,5)
union(filled_set, other_set) #=> Set{Int64}(1,2,3,4,5,6) union(filled_set, other_set) # => Set{Int64}(1,2,3,4,5,6)
setdiff(Set(1,2,3,4),Set(2,3,5)) #=> Set{Int64}(1,4) setdiff(Set(1,2,3,4),Set(2,3,5)) # => Set{Int64}(1,4)
#################################################### ####################################################
@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ elseif some_var < 10 # This elseif clause is optional.
else # The else clause is optional too. else # The else clause is optional too.
println("some_var is indeed 10.") println("some_var is indeed 10.")
end end
#=> prints "some var is smaller than 10" # => prints "some var is smaller than 10"
# For loops iterate over iterables. # For loops iterate over iterables.
@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ try
catch e catch e
println("caught it $e") println("caught it $e")
end end
#=> caught it ErrorException("help") # => caught it ErrorException("help")
#################################################### ####################################################
@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ function add(x, y)
x + y x + y
end end
add(5, 6) #=> 11 after printing out "x is 5 and y is 6" add(5, 6) # => 11 after printing out "x is 5 and y is 6"
# You can define functions that take a variable number of # You can define functions that take a variable number of
# positional arguments # positional arguments
@ -389,20 +389,20 @@ function varargs(args...)
return args return args
# use the keyword return to return anywhere in the function # use the keyword return to return anywhere in the function
end end
#=> varargs (generic function with 1 method) # => varargs (generic function with 1 method)
varargs(1,2,3) #=> (1,2,3) varargs(1,2,3) # => (1,2,3)
# The ... is called a splat. # The ... is called a splat.
# We just used it in a function definition. # We just used it in a function definition.
# It can also be used in a fuction call, # It can also be used in a fuction call,
# where it will splat an Array or Tuple's contents into the argument list. # where it will splat an Array or Tuple's contents into the argument list.
Set([1,2,3]) #=> Set{Array{Int64,1}}([1,2,3]) # produces a Set of Arrays Set([1,2,3]) # => Set{Array{Int64,1}}([1,2,3]) # produces a Set of Arrays
Set([1,2,3]...) #=> Set{Int64}(1,2,3) # this is equivalent to Set(1,2,3) Set([1,2,3]...) # => Set{Int64}(1,2,3) # this is equivalent to Set(1,2,3)
x = (1,2,3) #=> (1,2,3) x = (1,2,3) # => (1,2,3)
Set(x) #=> Set{(Int64,Int64,Int64)}((1,2,3)) # a Set of Tuples Set(x) # => Set{(Int64,Int64,Int64)}((1,2,3)) # a Set of Tuples
Set(x...) #=> Set{Int64}(2,3,1) Set(x...) # => Set{Int64}(2,3,1)
# You can define functions with optional positional arguments # You can define functions with optional positional arguments
@ -410,12 +410,12 @@ function defaults(a,b,x=5,y=6)
return "$a $b and $x $y" return "$a $b and $x $y"
end end
defaults('h','g') #=> "h g and 5 6" defaults('h','g') # => "h g and 5 6"
defaults('h','g','j') #=> "h g and j 6" defaults('h','g','j') # => "h g and j 6"
defaults('h','g','j','k') #=> "h g and j k" defaults('h','g','j','k') # => "h g and j k"
try try
defaults('h') #=> ERROR: no method defaults(Char,) defaults('h') # => ERROR: no method defaults(Char,)
defaults() #=> ERROR: no methods defaults() defaults() # => ERROR: no methods defaults()
catch e catch e
println(e) println(e)
end end
@ -425,9 +425,9 @@ function keyword_args(;k1=4,name2="hello") # note the ;
return ["k1"=>k1,"name2"=>name2] return ["k1"=>k1,"name2"=>name2]
end end
keyword_args(name2="ness") #=> ["name2"=>"ness","k1"=>4] keyword_args(name2="ness") # => ["name2"=>"ness","k1"=>4]
keyword_args(k1="mine") #=> ["k1"=>"mine","name2"=>"hello"] keyword_args(k1="mine") # => ["k1"=>"mine","name2"=>"hello"]
keyword_args() #=> ["name2"=>"hello","k1"=>4] keyword_args() # => ["name2"=>"hello","k1"=>4]
# You can combine all kinds of arguments in the same function # You can combine all kinds of arguments in the same function
function all_the_args(normal_arg, optional_positional_arg=2; keyword_arg="foo") function all_the_args(normal_arg, optional_positional_arg=2; keyword_arg="foo")
@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ function create_adder(x)
end end
# This is "stabby lambda syntax" for creating anonymous functions # This is "stabby lambda syntax" for creating anonymous functions
(x -> x > 2)(3) #=> true (x -> x > 2)(3) # => true
# This function is identical to create_adder implementation above. # This function is identical to create_adder implementation above.
function create_adder(x) function create_adder(x)
@ -467,16 +467,16 @@ function create_adder(x)
end end
add_10 = create_adder(10) add_10 = create_adder(10)
add_10(3) #=> 13 add_10(3) # => 13
# There are built-in higher order functions # There are built-in higher order functions
map(add_10, [1,2,3]) #=> [11, 12, 13] map(add_10, [1,2,3]) # => [11, 12, 13]
filter(x -> x > 5, [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]) #=> [6, 7] filter(x -> x > 5, [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]) # => [6, 7]
# We can use list comprehensions for nicer maps # We can use list comprehensions for nicer maps
[add_10(i) for i=[1, 2, 3]] #=> [11, 12, 13] [add_10(i) for i=[1, 2, 3]] # => [11, 12, 13]
[add_10(i) for i in [1, 2, 3]] #=> [11, 12, 13] [add_10(i) for i in [1, 2, 3]] # => [11, 12, 13]
#################################################### ####################################################
## 5. Types ## 5. Types
@ -485,11 +485,11 @@ filter(x -> x > 5, [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]) #=> [6, 7]
# Julia has a type system. # Julia has a type system.
# Every value has a type; variables do not have types themselves. # Every value has a type; variables do not have types themselves.
# You can use the `typeof` function to get the type of a value. # You can use the `typeof` function to get the type of a value.
typeof(5) #=> Int64 typeof(5) # => Int64
# Types are first-class values # Types are first-class values
typeof(Int64) #=> DataType typeof(Int64) # => DataType
typeof(DataType) #=> DataType typeof(DataType) # => DataType
# DataType is the type that represents types, including itself. # DataType is the type that represents types, including itself.
# Types are used for documentation, optimizations, and dispatch. # Types are used for documentation, optimizations, and dispatch.
@ -510,10 +510,10 @@ end
# The default constructor's arguments are the properties # The default constructor's arguments are the properties
# of the type, in the order they are listed in the definition # of the type, in the order they are listed in the definition
tigger = Tiger(3.5,"orange") #=> Tiger(3.5,"orange") tigger = Tiger(3.5,"orange") # => Tiger(3.5,"orange")
# The type doubles as the constructor function for values of that type # The type doubles as the constructor function for values of that type
sherekhan = typeof(tigger)(5.6,"fire") #=> Tiger(5.6,"fire") sherekhan = typeof(tigger)(5.6,"fire") # => Tiger(5.6,"fire")
# These struct-style types are called concrete types # These struct-style types are called concrete types
# They can be instantiated, but cannot have subtypes. # They can be instantiated, but cannot have subtypes.
@ -524,23 +524,23 @@ abstract Cat # just a name and point in the type hierarchy
# Abstract types cannot be instantiated, but can have subtypes. # Abstract types cannot be instantiated, but can have subtypes.
# For example, Number is an abstract type # For example, Number is an abstract type
subtypes(Number) #=> 6-element Array{Any,1}: subtypes(Number) # => 6-element Array{Any,1}:
# Complex{Float16} # Complex{Float16}
# Complex{Float32} # Complex{Float32}
# Complex{Float64} # Complex{Float64}
# Complex{T<:Real} # Complex{T<:Real}
# ImaginaryUnit # ImaginaryUnit
# Real # Real
subtypes(Cat) #=> 0-element Array{Any,1} subtypes(Cat) # => 0-element Array{Any,1}
# Every type has a super type; use the `super` function to get it. # Every type has a super type; use the `super` function to get it.
typeof(5) #=> Int64 typeof(5) # => Int64
super(Int64) #=> Signed super(Int64) # => Signed
super(Signed) #=> Real super(Signed) # => Real
super(Real) #=> Number super(Real) # => Number
super(Number) #=> Any super(Number) # => Any
super(super(Signed)) #=> Number super(super(Signed)) # => Number
super(Any) #=> Any super(Any) # => Any
# All of these type, except for Int64, are abstract. # All of these type, except for Int64, are abstract.
# <: is the subtyping operator # <: is the subtyping operator
@ -588,23 +588,23 @@ function meow(animal::Tiger)
end end
# Testing the meow function # Testing the meow function
meow(tigger) #=> "rawwr" meow(tigger) # => "rawwr"
meow(Lion("brown","ROAAR")) #=> "ROAAR" meow(Lion("brown","ROAAR")) # => "ROAAR"
meow(Panther()) #=> "grrr" meow(Panther()) # => "grrr"
# Review the local type hierarchy # Review the local type hierarchy
issubtype(Tiger,Cat) #=> false issubtype(Tiger,Cat) # => false
issubtype(Lion,Cat) #=> true issubtype(Lion,Cat) # => true
issubtype(Panther,Cat) #=> true issubtype(Panther,Cat) # => true
# Defining a function that takes Cats # Defining a function that takes Cats
function pet_cat(cat::Cat) function pet_cat(cat::Cat)
println("The cat says $(meow(cat))") println("The cat says $(meow(cat))")
end end
pet_cat(Lion("42")) #=> prints "The cat says 42" pet_cat(Lion("42")) # => prints "The cat says 42"
try try
pet_cat(tigger) #=> ERROR: no method pet_cat(Tiger,) pet_cat(tigger) # => ERROR: no method pet_cat(Tiger,)
catch e catch e
println(e) println(e)
end end
@ -617,31 +617,31 @@ end
function fight(t::Tiger,c::Cat) function fight(t::Tiger,c::Cat)
println("The $(t.coatcolor) tiger wins!") println("The $(t.coatcolor) tiger wins!")
end end
#=> fight (generic function with 1 method) # => fight (generic function with 1 method)
fight(tigger,Panther()) #=> prints The orange tiger wins! fight(tigger,Panther()) # => prints The orange tiger wins!
fight(tigger,Lion("ROAR")) #=> prints The orange tiger wins! fight(tigger,Lion("ROAR")) # => prints The orange tiger wins!
# Let's change the behavior when the Cat is specifically a Lion # Let's change the behavior when the Cat is specifically a Lion
fight(t::Tiger,l::Lion) = println("The $(l.mane_color)-maned lion wins!") fight(t::Tiger,l::Lion) = println("The $(l.mane_color)-maned lion wins!")
#=> fight (generic function with 2 methods) # => fight (generic function with 2 methods)
fight(tigger,Panther()) #=> prints The orange tiger wins! fight(tigger,Panther()) # => prints The orange tiger wins!
fight(tigger,Lion("ROAR")) #=> prints The green-maned lion wins! fight(tigger,Lion("ROAR")) # => prints The green-maned lion wins!
# We don't need a Tiger in order to fight # We don't need a Tiger in order to fight
fight(l::Lion,c::Cat) = println("The victorious cat says $(meow(c))") fight(l::Lion,c::Cat) = println("The victorious cat says $(meow(c))")
#=> fight (generic function with 3 methods) # => fight (generic function with 3 methods)
fight(Lion("balooga!"),Panther()) #=> prints The victorious cat says grrr fight(Lion("balooga!"),Panther()) # => prints The victorious cat says grrr
try try
fight(Panther(),Lion("RAWR")) #=> ERROR: no method fight(Panther,Lion) fight(Panther(),Lion("RAWR")) # => ERROR: no method fight(Panther,Lion)
catch catch
end end
# Also let the cat go first # Also let the cat go first
fight(c::Cat,l::Lion) = println("The cat beats the Lion") fight(c::Cat,l::Lion) = println("The cat beats the Lion")
#=> Warning: New definition # => Warning: New definition
# fight(Cat,Lion) at none:1 # fight(Cat,Lion) at none:1
# is ambiguous with # is ambiguous with
# fight(Lion,Cat) at none:2. # fight(Lion,Cat) at none:2.
@ -651,11 +651,11 @@ fight(c::Cat,l::Lion) = println("The cat beats the Lion")
#fight (generic function with 4 methods) #fight (generic function with 4 methods)
# This warning is because it's unclear which fight will be called in: # This warning is because it's unclear which fight will be called in:
fight(Lion("RAR"),Lion("brown","rarrr")) #=> prints The victorious cat says rarrr fight(Lion("RAR"),Lion("brown","rarrr")) # => prints The victorious cat says rarrr
# The result may be different in other versions of Julia # The result may be different in other versions of Julia
fight(l::Lion,l2::Lion) = println("The lions come to a tie") fight(l::Lion,l2::Lion) = println("The lions come to a tie")
fight(Lion("RAR"),Lion("brown","rarrr")) #=> prints The lions come to a tie fight(Lion("RAR"),Lion("brown","rarrr")) # => prints The lions come to a tie
# Under the hood # Under the hood