diff --git a/README.markdown b/README.markdown
index dc379a9b..4e24bbe6 100644
--- a/README.markdown
+++ b/README.markdown
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ properly!
 
 ## Contributing
 
-All contributions welcome, from the tiniest typo to a brand new article. Translations
+All contributions are welcome, from the tiniest typo to a brand new article. Translations
 in all languages are welcome (or, for that matter, original articles in any language).
 Send a pull request or open an issue any time of day or night.
 
 **Please tag your issues pull requests with [language/lang-code] at the beginning**
-**(e.g. [python/en] for english python).** This will help everyone pick out things they
+**(e.g. [python/en] for English Python).** This will help everyone pick out things they
 care about.
 
 ### Style Guidelines
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ care about.
 * **Keep lines under 80 chars**
 * **Prefer example to exposition**
 * **Eschew surplusage**
-* **Use utf-8**
+* **Use UTF-8**
 
 Long version:
 
@@ -38,28 +38,28 @@ Long version:
 
 * We welcome newcomers, but the target audience for this site is programmers with some experience.
   So, try to avoid explaining basic concepts except for those specific to the language in question,
-  to keep articles succinct and scannable. We all know how to use google here.
+  to keep articles succinct and scannable. We all know how to use Google here.
 
-* For translations (or english articles with non-ASCII characters), please make sure your file is
-  utf-8 encoded, and try to leave out the byte-order-mark at the start of the file. (`:set nobomb` in vim)
+* For translations (or English articles with non-ASCII characters), please make sure your file is
+  UTF-8 encoded, and try to leave out the byte-order-mark at the start of the file. (`:set nobomb` in Vim)
 
 ### Header configuration
 
-The actual site uses Middleman to generate HTML files from these markdown ones. Middleman, or at least
+The actual site uses Middleman to generate HTML files from these Markdown ones. Middleman, or at least
 the custom scripts underpinning the site, required that some key information be defined in the header.
 
-The following fields are necessary for english articles about programming languages:
+The following fields are necessary for English articles about programming languages:
 
 * **language** The *programming language* in question
-* **contributors** A list of [author, url] lists to credit
+* **contributors** A list of [author, URL] lists to credit
 
 Other fields:
 
 * **filename**: The filename for this article's code. It will be fetched, mashed together, and made downloadable.
-  For non-english articles, *filename* should have a language-specific suffix.
+  For non-English articles, *filename* should have a language-specific suffix.
 * **lang**: For translations, the human language this article is in. For categorization, mostly.
 
-Here's an example header for an esperanto translation of Ruby:
+Here's an example header for an Esperanto translation of Ruby:
 
 ```yaml
 ---
diff --git a/perl6.html.markdown b/perl6.html.markdown
index 52625bc2..9f3a03ba 100644
--- a/perl6.html.markdown
+++ b/perl6.html.markdown
@@ -1149,7 +1149,7 @@ my @list = 1, 3, 9 ... * > 30; # you can use a predicate
                                # (with the Whatever Star, here).
 my @list = 1, 3, 9 ... { $_ > 30 }; # (equivalent to the above)
 
-my @fib = 1, 1, *+* ... *; # lazy infinite list of prime numbers,
+my @fib = 1, 1, *+* ... *; # lazy infinite list of fibonacci series,
                            #  computed using a closure!
 my @fib = 1, 1, -> $a, $b { $a + $b } ... *; # (equivalent to the above)
 my @fib = 1, 1, { $^a + $^b } ... *; #(... also equivalent to the above)
diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index ba236fb3..f7b0082c 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -7,21 +7,21 @@ contributors:
 filename: learnpython.py
 ---
 
-Python was created by Guido Van Rossum in the early 90's. It is now one of the most popular
+Python was created by Guido Van Rossum in the early 90s. It is now one of the most popular
 languages in existence. I fell in love with Python for its syntactic clarity. It's basically
 executable pseudocode.
 
 Feedback would be highly appreciated! You can reach me at [@louiedinh](http://twitter.com/louiedinh) or louiedinh [at] [google's email service]
 
 Note: This article applies to Python 2.7 specifically, but should be applicable
-to Python 2.x. Look for another tour of Python 3 soon!
+to Python 2.x. For Python 3.x, take a look at the Python 3 tutorial.
 
 ```python
 
 # Single line comments start with a number symbol.
 
 """ Multiline strings can be written
-    using three "'s, and are often used
+    using three "s, and are often used
     as comments
 """
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ to Python 2.x. Look for another tour of Python 3 soon!
 # Modulo operation
 7 % 3 # => 1
 
-# Exponentiation (x to the y'th power)
+# Exponentiation (x to the yth power)
 2**4 # => 16
 
 # Enforce precedence with parentheses
diff --git a/python3.html.markdown b/python3.html.markdown
index e478e57f..0b4feccc 100644
--- a/python3.html.markdown
+++ b/python3.html.markdown
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ contributors:
 filename: learnpython3.py
 ---
 
-Python was created by Guido Van Rossum in the early 90's. It is now one of the most popular
+Python was created by Guido Van Rossum in the early 90s. It is now one of the most popular
 languages in existence. I fell in love with Python for its syntactic clarity. It's basically
 executable pseudocode.
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Note: This article applies to Python 3 specifically. Check out the other tutoria
 # Single line comments start with a number symbol.
 
 """ Multiline strings can be written
-    using three "'s, and are often used
+    using three "s, and are often used
     as comments
 """
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Note: This article applies to Python 3 specifically. Check out the other tutoria
 # Modulo operation
 7 % 3 # => 1
 
-# Exponentiation (x to the y'th power)
+# Exponentiation (x to the yth power)
 2**4 # => 16
 
 # Enforce precedence with parentheses
diff --git a/ruby.html.markdown b/ruby.html.markdown
index 3c67de2e..e58c513d 100644
--- a/ruby.html.markdown
+++ b/ruby.html.markdown
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ contributors:
   - ["Marcos Brizeno", "http://www.about.me/marcosbrizeno"]
   - ["Ariel Krakowski", "http://www.learneroo.com"]
   - ["Dzianis Dashkevich", "https://github.com/dskecse"]
+  - ["Levi Bostian", "https://github.com/levibostian"]
 
 ---
 
@@ -271,6 +272,19 @@ else
 end
 #=> "OK job"
 
+# exception handling:
+begin
+  # code here that might raise an exception
+  raise NoMemoryError, 'You ran out of memory.'
+rescue NoMemoryError => exception_variable
+  puts 'NoMemoryError was raised', exception_variable
+rescue RuntimeError => other_exception_variable
+  puts 'RuntimeError was raised now'
+else 
+  puts 'This runs if no exceptions were thrown at all'
+ensure 
+  puts 'This code always runs no matter what'
+end
 
 # Functions
 
diff --git a/scala.html.markdown b/scala.html.markdown
index c8932c86..6964b9a0 100644
--- a/scala.html.markdown
+++ b/scala.html.markdown
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ true == false // false
 
 "Scala strings are surrounded by double quotes"
 'a' // A Scala Char
-'Single quote strings don't exist' // Error
+// 'Single quote strings don't exist' <= This causes an error
 
 // Strings have the usual Java methods defined on them
 "hello world".length
@@ -204,6 +204,7 @@ def showNumbersInRange(a:Int, b:Int):Unit = {
   if (a < b)
     showNumbersInRange(a + 1, b)
 }
+showNumbersInRange(1,14)
 
 
 // Conditionals
@@ -218,9 +219,6 @@ if (x == 11) println ("yeah") else println("nay")
 println(if (x == 10) "yeah" else "nope")
 val text = if (x == 10) "yeah" else "nope"
 
-var i = 0
-while (i < 10) { println("i " + i); i+=1  }
-
 
 #################################################
 ## 4. Data Structures
@@ -292,7 +290,8 @@ d._2
   And now we will explain what these are.
 */
 
-class Dog {
+class Dog(br: String) {
+  var breed: String = br
   //A method called bark, returning a String
   def bark: String = {
     // the body of the method
@@ -300,6 +299,11 @@ class Dog {
   }
 }
 
+val mydog = new Dog("greyhound")
+println(mydog.breed) // => "greyhound"
+println(mydog.bark) // => "Woof, woof!"
+
+
 // Classes can contain nearly any other construct, including other classes,
 // functions, methods, objects, case classes, traits etc.
 
@@ -388,6 +392,7 @@ sSquared.reduce (_+_)
 // The filter function takes a predicate (a function from A -> Boolean) and
 // selects all elements which satisfy the predicate
 List(1, 2, 3) filter (_ > 2) // List(3)
+case class Person(name:String, phoneNumber:String)
 List(
   Person(name = "Dom", age = 23),
   Person(name = "Bob", age = 30)
@@ -396,6 +401,7 @@ List(
 
 // Scala a foreach method defined on certain collections that takes a type
 // returning Unit (a void method)
+val aListOfNumbers = List(1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 20, 100)
 aListOfNumbers foreach (x => println(x))
 aListOfNumbers foreach println
 
diff --git a/zh-cn/python3-cn.html.markdown b/zh-cn/python3-cn.html.markdown
index 1b3f5086..c223297c 100644
--- a/zh-cn/python3-cn.html.markdown
+++ b/zh-cn/python3-cn.html.markdown
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ contributors:
     - ["Andre Polykanine", "https://github.com/Oire"]
 translators:
     - ["Geoff Liu", "http://geoffliu.me"]
-filename: learnpython3.py
+filename: learnpython3-cn.py
+lang: zh-cn
 ---
 
 Python是由吉多·范罗苏姆(Guido Van Rossum)在90年代早期设计。它是如今最常用的编程