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ru-ru/bash-ru.html.markdown
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---
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category: tool
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tool: bash
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contributors:
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- ["Max Yankov", "https://github.com/golergka"]
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- ["Darren Lin", "https://github.com/CogBear"]
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- ["Alexandre Medeiros", "http://alemedeiros.sdf.org"]
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- ["Denis Arh", "https://github.com/darh"]
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- ["akirahirose", "https://twitter.com/akirahirose"]
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- ["Anton Strömkvist", "http://lutic.org/"]
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- ["Rahil Momin", "https://github.com/iamrahil"]
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- ["Gregrory Kielian", "https://github.com/gskielian"]
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- ["Etan Reisner", "https://github.com/deryni"]
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filename: LearnBash.sh
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---
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Bash это командная оболочка unix (unix shell), которая распространяется как оболочка для операционной системы GNU и используется в качестве оболочки по умолчанию для Linux и Mac OS X.
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Почти все нижеприведенные примеры могут могут быть частью shell-скриптов или быть исполнены напрямую в shell.
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[Подробнее.](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html)
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```bash
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#!/bin/bash
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# Первая строка скрипта - это shebang, который сообщает системе как испольнять
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# этот скрипт: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(Unix)
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# Как вы уже поняли, комментарии начинаются с #. Shebang - это тоже коммантарий.
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# Простой пример hello world:
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echo Hello world!
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# Отдельные команды начинаются с новой строки или разделяются точкой с запятой:
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echo 'This is the first line'; echo 'This is the second line'
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# Вот так объявляется пемеренная:
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VARIABLE="Some string"
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# Но не так:
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VARIABLE = "Some string"
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# Bash решит что VARIABLE - это команда, которую он должен исполнить,
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# и выдаст ошибку, потому что не сможет найти ее.
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# И не так:
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VARIABLE= 'Some string'
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# Тут Bash решит что 'Some string' - это команда, которую он должен исполнить,
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# и выдаст ошибку, потому что не сможет найти ее (здесь 'VARIABLE=' выглядит
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# как присвоение значения переменной, но только в контексте исполнения
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# команды 'Some string').
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# Использование переменой:
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echo $VARIABLE
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echo "$VARIABLE"
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echo '$VARIABLE'
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# Когда вы используете переменную — присвоение, экспорт и т.д — вы пищете её
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# имя без $. А для получения значения переменной, используйте $.
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# Заметте что ' (одинарные кавычки) не раскрывают переменные в них.
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# Подстановка строк в переменных
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echo ${VARIABLE/Some/A}
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# Это выражение заменит первую встреченную подстроку "Some" на "A"
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# Подстановка из переменной
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LENGTH=7
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echo ${VARIABLE:0:LENGTH}
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# This will return only the first 7 characters of the value
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# Default value for variable
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echo ${FOO:-"DefaultValueIfFOOIsMissingOrEmpty"}
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# This works for null (FOO=), empty string (FOO=""), zero (FOO=0) returns 0
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# Builtin variables:
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# There are some useful builtin variables, like
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echo "Last program return value: $?"
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echo "Script's PID: $$"
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echo "Number of arguments: $#"
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echo "Scripts arguments: $@"
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echo "Scripts arguments seperated in different variables: $1 $2..."
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# Reading a value from input:
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echo "What's your name?"
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read NAME # Note that we didn't need to declare a new variable
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echo Hello, $NAME!
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# We have the usual if structure:
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# use 'man test' for more info about conditionals
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if [ $NAME -ne $USER ]
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then
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echo "Your name isn't your username"
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else
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echo "Your name is your username"
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fi
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# There is also conditional execution
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echo "Always executed" || echo "Only executed if first command fails"
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echo "Always executed" && echo "Only executed if first command does NOT fail"
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# To use && and || with if statements, you need multiple pairs of square brackets:
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if [ $NAME == "Steve" ] && [ $AGE -eq 15 ]
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then
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echo "This will run if $NAME is Steve AND $AGE is 15."
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fi
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if [ $NAME == "Daniya" ] || [ $NAME == "Zach" ]
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then
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echo "This will run if $NAME is Daniya OR Zach."
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fi
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# Expressions are denoted with the following format:
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echo $(( 10 + 5 ))
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# Unlike other programming languages, bash is a shell — so it works in a context
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# of current directory. You can list files and directories in the current
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# directory with the ls command:
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ls
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# These commands have options that control their execution:
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ls -l # Lists every file and directory on a separate line
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# Results of the previous command can be passed to the next command as input.
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# grep command filters the input with provided patterns. That's how we can list
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# .txt files in the current directory:
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ls -l | grep "\.txt"
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# You can redirect command input and output (stdin, stdout, and stderr).
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# Read from stdin until ^EOF$ and overwrite hello.py with the lines
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# between "EOF":
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cat > hello.py << EOF
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#!/usr/bin/env python
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from __future__ import print_function
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import sys
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print("#stdout", file=sys.stdout)
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print("#stderr", file=sys.stderr)
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for line in sys.stdin:
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print(line, file=sys.stdout)
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EOF
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# Run hello.py with various stdin, stdout, and stderr redirections:
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python hello.py < "input.in"
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python hello.py > "output.out"
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python hello.py 2> "error.err"
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python hello.py > "output-and-error.log" 2>&1
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python hello.py > /dev/null 2>&1
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# The output error will overwrite the file if it exists,
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# if you want to append instead, use ">>":
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python hello.py >> "output.out" 2>> "error.err"
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# Overwrite output.txt, append to error.err, and count lines:
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info bash 'Basic Shell Features' 'Redirections' > output.out 2>> error.err
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wc -l output.out error.err
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# Run a command and print its file descriptor (e.g. /dev/fd/123)
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# see: man fd
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echo <(echo "#helloworld")
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# Overwrite output.txt with "#helloworld":
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cat > output.out <(echo "#helloworld")
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echo "#helloworld" > output.out
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echo "#helloworld" | cat > output.out
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echo "#helloworld" | tee output.out >/dev/null
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# Cleanup temporary files verbosely (add '-i' for interactive)
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rm -v output.out error.err output-and-error.log
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# Commands can be substituted within other commands using $( ):
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# The following command displays the number of files and directories in the
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# current directory.
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echo "There are $(ls | wc -l) items here."
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# The same can be done using backticks `` but they can't be nested - the preferred way
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# is to use $( ).
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echo "There are `ls | wc -l` items here."
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# Bash uses a case statement that works similarly to switch in Java and C++:
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case "$VARIABLE" in
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#List patterns for the conditions you want to meet
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0) echo "There is a zero.";;
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1) echo "There is a one.";;
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*) echo "It is not null.";;
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esac
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# for loops iterate for as many arguments given:
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# The contents of $VARIABLE is printed three times.
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for VARIABLE in {1..3}
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do
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echo "$VARIABLE"
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done
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# Or write it the "traditional for loop" way:
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for ((a=1; a <= 3; a++))
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do
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echo $a
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done
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# They can also be used to act on files..
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# This will run the command 'cat' on file1 and file2
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for VARIABLE in file1 file2
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do
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cat "$VARIABLE"
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done
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# ..or the output from a command
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# This will cat the output from ls.
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for OUTPUT in $(ls)
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do
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cat "$OUTPUT"
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done
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# while loop:
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while [ true ]
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do
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echo "loop body here..."
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break
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done
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# You can also define functions
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# Definition:
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function foo ()
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{
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echo "Arguments work just like script arguments: $@"
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echo "And: $1 $2..."
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echo "This is a function"
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return 0
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}
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# or simply
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bar ()
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{
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echo "Another way to declare functions!"
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return 0
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}
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# Calling your function
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foo "My name is" $NAME
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# There are a lot of useful commands you should learn:
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# prints last 10 lines of file.txt
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tail -n 10 file.txt
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# prints first 10 lines of file.txt
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head -n 10 file.txt
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# sort file.txt's lines
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sort file.txt
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# report or omit repeated lines, with -d it reports them
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uniq -d file.txt
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# prints only the first column before the ',' character
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cut -d ',' -f 1 file.txt
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# replaces every occurrence of 'okay' with 'great' in file.txt, (regex compatible)
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sed -i 's/okay/great/g' file.txt
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# print to stdout all lines of file.txt which match some regex
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# The example prints lines which begin with "foo" and end in "bar"
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grep "^foo.*bar$" file.txt
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# pass the option "-c" to instead print the number of lines matching the regex
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grep -c "^foo.*bar$" file.txt
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# if you literally want to search for the string,
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# and not the regex, use fgrep (or grep -F)
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fgrep "^foo.*bar$" file.txt
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# Read Bash shell builtins documentation with the bash 'help' builtin:
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help
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help help
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help for
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help return
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help source
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help .
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# Read Bash manpage documentation with man
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apropos bash
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man 1 bash
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man bash
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# Read info documentation with info (? for help)
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apropos info | grep '^info.*('
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man info
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info info
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info 5 info
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# Read bash info documentation:
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info bash
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info bash 'Bash Features'
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info bash 6
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info --apropos bash
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```
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