Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/adambard/learnxinyminutes-docs

coffeescript.html.markdown

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+---
+language: coffeescript
+contributors:
+  - ["Tenor Biel", "http://github.com/L8D"]
+filename: coffeescript.coffee
+---
+
+``` coffeescript
+# CoffeeScript is a hipster language.
+# It goes with the trends of many modern languages.
+# So comments are like Ruby and Python, they use hashes.
+
+###
+Block comments are like these, and they translate directly to '/ *'s and '* /'s
+for the resulting JavaScript code.
+
+You should understand most of JavaScript semantices
+before continuing.
+###
+
+# Assignment:
+number   = 42 #=> var number = 42;
+opposite = true #=> var opposite = true;
+
+# Conditions:
+number = -42 if opposite #=> if(opposite) { number = -42; }
+
+# Functions:
+square = (x) -> x * x #=> var square = function(x) { return x * x; }
+
+# Ranges:
+list = [1..5] #=> var list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+
+# Objects:
+math =
+  root:   Math.sqrt
+  square: square
+  cube:   (x) -> x * square x
+#=> var math = {
+#  "root": Math.sqrt,
+#  "square": square,
+#  "cube": function(x) { return x * square(x); }
+#}
+
+# Splats:
+race = (winner, runners...) ->
+  print winner, runners
+
+# Existence:
+alert "I knew it!" if elvis?
+#=> if(typeof elvis !== "undefined" && elvis !== null) { alert("I knew it!"); }
+
+# Array comprehensions:
+cubes = (math.cube num for num in list) #=> ...
+```

whip.html.markdown

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+---
+language: whip
+contributors:
+  - ["Tenor Biel", "http://github.com/L8D"]
+author: Tenor Biel
+author_url: http://github.com/L8D
+filename: whip.lisp
+---
+
+Whip is a LISP-dialect made for scripting and simplified concepts.
+It has also borrowed a lot of functions and syntax from Haskell(a non-related language).
+
+These docs were written by the creator of the language himself. So is this line.
+
+``` lisp
+; Comments are like LISP. Semi-solons...
+
+; Majority of first-level statements are inside "forms"
+; which are just things inside parens separated by whitespace
+not_in_form
+(in_form)
+
+;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+; 1. Numbers, Strings, and Operators
+
+; Whip has one number type (which is a 64-bit IEEE 754 double, from JavaScript).
+3 ; => 3
+1.5 ; => 1.5
+
+; Functions are called if they are the first element in a form
+(called_function args)
+
+; Majority of operations are done with functions
+; All the basic arihmetic is pretty straight forward
+(+ 1 1) ; => 2
+(- 2 1) ; => 1
+(* 1 2) ; => 2
+(/ 2 1) ; => 2
+; even modulo
+(% 9 4) ; => 1
+; JavaScript-style uneven division.
+(/ 5 2) ; => 2.5
+
+; Nesting forms works as you expect.
+(* 2 (+ 1 3)) ; => 8
+
+; There's a boolean type.
+true
+false
+
+; String are created with ".
+"Hello, world"
+
+; Single chars are created with '.
+'a'
+
+; Negation uses the 'not' function.
+(not true) ; => false
+(not false) ; => true
+
+; But the majority of non-haskell functions have shortcuts
+; not's shortcut is a '!'.
+(! (! true)) ; => true
+
+; Equality is `equal` or `=`.
+(= 1 1) ; => true
+(equal 2 1) ; => false
+
+; For example, inequality would be combinding the not and equal functions.
+(! (= 2 1)) ; => true
+
+; More comparisons
+(< 1 10) ; => true
+(> 1 10) ; => false
+; and their word counterpart.
+(lesser 1 10) ; => true
+(greater 1 10) ; => false
+
+; Strings can be concatenated with +.
+(+ "Hello " "world!") ; => "Hello world!"
+
+; You can use JavaScript's comparative abilities.
+(< 'a' 'b') ; => true
+; ...and type coercion
+(= '5' 5)
+
+; The `at` or @ function will access characters in strings, starting at 0.
+(at 0 'a') ; => 'a'
+(@ 3 "foobar") ; => 'b'
+
+; There is also the `null` and `undefined` variables.
+null ; used to indicate a deliberate non-value
+undefined ; user to indicate a value that hasn't been set
+
+;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+; 2. Vairbles, Lists, and Dicts
+
+; Variables are declared with the `def` or `let` functions.
+; Variab;es that haven't been set will be `undefined`.
+(def some_var 5)
+; `def` will keep the variable in the global context.
+; `let` will only have the variable inside it's context, and has a wierder syntax.
+(let ((a_var 5)) (+ a_var 5)) ; => 10
+(+ a_var 5) ; = undefined + 5 => undefined
+
+; Lists are arrays of values of any type.
+; They basically are just forms without functions at the beginning.
+(1 2 3) ; => [1, 2, 3] (JavaScript syntax)
+
+; Dictionaries are Whip's equivalent to JavaScript 'objects' or Python 'dictionaries'
+; or Ruby 'hashes': an unordered collection of key-value pairs.
+{"key1":"value1" "key2":2 3:3}
+
+; Keys are just values, either identifier, number, or string.
+(def my_dict {my_key:"my_value" "my other key":4})
+; But in Whip, dictionaries get parsed like: value, colon, value; with whitespace between each.
+; So that means
+{"key": "value"
+"another key"
+: 1234
+}
+; is evaluated to the same as
+{"key":"value" "another key":1234}
+
+; Dictionary definitions can be accessed used the `at` function, like strings and lists.
+(@ "my other key" my_dict) ; => 4
+
+;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+; 3. Logic and Control sequences
+
+; The `if` function is pretty simple, though different than most imperitave langs.
+(if true "returned if first arg is true" "returned if first arg is false")
+; => "returned if first arg is true"
+
+; And for the sake of ternary operator legacy
+; `?` is if's unused shortcut.
+(? false true false) ; => false
+
+; `both` is a logical 'and' statement, and `either` is a logical 'or'.
+(both true true) ; => true
+(both true false) ; => false
+(either true false) ; => true
+(either false false) ; => false
+; And their shortcuts are
+; & => both
+; ^ => either
+(& true true) ; => true
+(^ false true) ; => true
+
+;;;;;;;;;
+; Lambdas
+
+; Lambdas in Whip are declared with the `lambda` or `->` function.
+; And functions are really just lambdas with names.
+(def my_function (-> (x y) (+ (x y) 10)))
+;         |       |    |         |
+;         |       |    |    returned value(with scope containing argument vars)
+;         |       | arguments
+;         | lambda declaration function
+;         |
+;   name of the to-be-decalred lambda
+
+(my_function 10 10) ; = (+ (+ 10 10) 10) => 30
+
+; Obiously, all lambdas by definition are anonymous and
+; technically always used anonymouesly. Redundancy.
+((lambda (x) x) 10) ; => 10
+
+;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+; Comprehensions
+
+; `range` or `..` generates a list of numbers for
+; each number between it's two args.
+(range 1 5) ; => (1 2 3 4 5)
+(.. 0 2)    ; => (0 1 2)
+
+; `map` applies it's first arg(which should be a lambda/function)
+; to each item in the following arg(which should be a list)
+(map (-> (x) (+ x 1)) (1 2 3)) ; => (2 3 4)
+
+; Reduce
+(reduce + (.. 1 5))
+; equivalent to
+((+ (+ (+ 1 2) 3) 4) 5)
+
+; Note: map and reduce don't have shortcuts
+
+; `slice` or `\` is just like JavaScript's .slice()
+; But do note, it takes the list as the first argument, not the last.
+(slice (.. 1 5) 2) ; => (3 4 5)
+(\ (.. 0 100) -5) ; => (96 97 98 99 100)
+
+; `append` or `<<` is self expanatory
+(append 4 (1 2 3)) ; => (1 2 3 4)
+(<< "bar" ("foo")) ; => ("foo" "bar")
+
+; Length is self explanatory.
+(length (1 2 3)) ; => 3
+(_ "foobar") ; => 6
+
+;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+; Haskell fluff
+
+; First item in list
+(head (1 2 3)) ; => 1
+; List from second to last elements in list
+(tail (1 2 3)) ; => (2 3)
+; Last item in list
+(last (1 2 3)) ; => 3
+; Reverse of `tail`
+(init (1 2 3)) ; => (1 2)
+; List from first to specified elements in list
+(take 1 (1 2 3 4)) ; (1 2)
+; Reverse of `take`
+(drop 1 (1 2 3 4)) ; (3 4)
+; Lowest value in list
+(min (1 2 3 4)) ; 1
+; Highest value in list
+(max (1 2 3 4)) ; 4
+; If value is in list or object
+(elem 1 (1 2 3)) ; true
+(elem "foo" {"foo":"bar"}) ; true
+(elem "bar" {"foo":"bar"}) ; false
+; Reverse list order
+(reverse (1 2 3 4)) ; => (4 3 2 1)
+; If value is even or odd
+(even 1) ; => false
+(odd 1) ; => true
+; Split string into list of strings by whitespace
+(words "foobar nachos cheese") ; => ("foobar" "nachos" "cheese")
+; Join list of strings together.
+(unwords ("foo" "bar")) ; => "foobar"
+(pred 21) ; => 20
+(succ 20) ; => 21
+```
+
+For more info, check out the [repo](http://github.com/L8D/whip)