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[bash/en] Small updates
- I added https:// for the links, it's 2021, http:// is dead - fixed two comments which where `#text` => `# text` for consistency - added a link to `trash-cli` Python package which provides `trash` as a "safe" alternative to `rm` - add warning that `sed -i` erase (replace) the input file - add `...` around fgrep and grep -F, for consistency too
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@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ for the GNU operating system and as the default shell on most Linux distros.
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Nearly all examples below can be a part of a shell script
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or executed directly in the shell.
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[Read more here.](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html)
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[Read more here.](https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html)
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```bash
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#!/usr/bin/env bash
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# First line of the script is the shebang which tells the system how to execute
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# the script: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(Unix)
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# the script: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(Unix)
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# As you already figured, comments start with #. Shebang is also a comment.
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# Simple hello world example:
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@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ then
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fi
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# Note that =~ only works within double [[ ]] square brackets,
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# which are subtly different from single [ ].
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# See http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Conditional-Constructs for more on this.
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# See https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Conditional-Constructs for more on this.
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# Redefine command `ping` as alias to send only 5 packets
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alias ping='ping -c 5'
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@ -325,6 +325,9 @@ echo "#helloworld" | tee output.out >/dev/null
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# WARNING: `rm` commands cannot be undone
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rm -v output.out error.err output-and-error.log
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rm -r tempDir/ # recursively delete
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# You can install the `trash-cli` Python package to have `trash`
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# which puts files in the system trash and doesn't delete them directly
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# see https://pypi.org/project/trash-cli/ if you want to be careful
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# Commands can be substituted within other commands using $( ):
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# The following command displays the number of files and directories in the
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@ -332,15 +335,15 @@ rm -r tempDir/ # recursively delete
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echo "There are $(ls | wc -l) items here."
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# The same can be done using backticks `` but they can't be nested -
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#the preferred way is to use $( ).
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# the preferred way is to use $( ).
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echo "There are `ls | wc -l` items here."
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# Bash uses a `case` statement that works similarly to switch in Java and C++:
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case "$Variable" in
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#List patterns for the conditions you want to meet
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# List patterns for the conditions you want to meet
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0) echo "There is a zero.";;
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1) echo "There is a one.";;
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*) echo "It is not null.";;
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*) echo "It is not null.";; # match everything
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esac
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# `for` loops iterate for as many arguments given:
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@ -377,6 +380,13 @@ do
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cat "$Output"
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done
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# Bash can also accept patterns, like this to `cat`
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# all the Markdown files in current directory
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for Output in ./*.markdown
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do
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cat "$Output"
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done
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# while loop:
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while [ true ]
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do
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@ -431,6 +441,8 @@ cut -d ',' -f 1 file.txt
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# replaces every occurrence of 'okay' with 'great' in file.txt
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# (regex compatible)
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sed -i 's/okay/great/g' file.txt
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# be aware that this -i flag means that file.txt will be changed
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# -i or --in-place erase the input file (use --in-place=.backup to keep a back-up)
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# print to stdout all lines of file.txt which match some regex
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# The example prints lines which begin with "foo" and end in "bar"
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@ -448,7 +460,7 @@ grep -rI "^foo.*bar$" someDir/ # recursively `grep`, but ignore binary files
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grep "^foo.*bar$" file.txt | grep -v "baz"
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# if you literally want to search for the string,
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# and not the regex, use fgrep (or grep -F)
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# and not the regex, use `fgrep` (or `grep -F`)
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fgrep "foobar" file.txt
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# The `trap` command allows you to execute a command whenever your script
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@ -457,6 +469,7 @@ fgrep "foobar" file.txt
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trap "rm $TEMP_FILE; exit" SIGHUP SIGINT SIGTERM
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# `sudo` is used to perform commands as the superuser
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# usually it will ask interactively the password of superuser
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NAME1=$(whoami)
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NAME2=$(sudo whoami)
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echo "Was $NAME1, then became more powerful $NAME2"
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