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@ -16,59 +16,57 @@ ZFS有一些特有的术语，这把它和传统的存储系统区分开来。
## ZFS概念 ## ZFS概念
### 虚拟设备（Virtual Devices） ### 虚拟设备（Virtual Devices，VDEV）
A VDEV is similar to a raid device presented by a RAID card, there are several different 对于操作系统来说，VDEA和传统的RAID阵列卡所呈现的rai设备类似。VDEV有几种不同的类型，每种类型
types of VDEV's that offer various advantages, including redundancy and speed. In general 都有自己的优势，包括冗余和速度。一般来说，VDEV的可靠性和安全性比阵列卡要好。因此使用ZFS时不
VDEV's offer better reliability and safety than a RAID card. It is discouraged to use a 建议使用阵列卡。让ZFS直接管理磁盘。
RAID setup with ZFS, as ZFS expects to directly manage the underlying disks.
Types of VDEV's VDEV的类型
* stripe (a single disk, no redundancy) * stripe (条带。单个磁盘，没有冗余)
* mirror (n-way mirrors supported) * mirror (镜像。支持n-wa镜像)
* raidz * raidz
* raidz1 (1-disk parity, similar to RAID 5) * raidz1 (一个奇偶校验磁盘, 类似于RAID 5)
* raidz2 (2-disk parity, similar to RAID 6) * raidz2 (两个奇偶校验磁盘, 类似于RAID 6)
* raidz3 (3-disk parity, no RAID analog) * raidz3 (三个奇偶校验磁盘, 没有类似RAID等级)
* disk * disk （磁盘）
* file (not recommended for production due to another filesystem adding unnecessary layering) * file (文件。不推荐在生产环境中使用，因为中间又多了一层不必要的文件系统)
Your data is striped across all the VDEV's present in your Storage Pool, so more VDEV's will 数据会以条带方式存储于存储池中的所有VDE上。因此一个存储池中的VDEV越多，IOPS就越高。
increase your IOPS.
### Storage Pools ### storage pool （存储池）
ZFS uses Storage Pools as an abstraction over the lower level storage provider (VDEV), allow ZFS 使用存储池来作为底层存储提供者（VDEV）的抽象。这样可以把用户可见的文件系统和底层的物理磁盘
you to separate the user visible file system from the physical layout. 布局分离开来。
### ZFS Dataset ### ZFS 数据集（Dataset）
ZFS datasets are analogous to traditional filesystems but with many more features. They ZFS 数据集类似于传统的文件系统（译者注：或者说是目录），但是提供了更多的功能。ZFS的很多优势也是
provide many of ZFS's advantages. Datasets support [Copy on Write](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy-on-write) 在这一层体现出来的。数据集支持 [Copy on Write](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy-on-write)
snapshots, quota's, compression and de-duplication. 快照, 配额, 压缩和重复消除（de-duplication）.
### Limits ### 限制
One directory may contain up to 2^48 files, up to 16 exabytes each. A single storage pool 一个目录最多可包含 2^48个文件, 每个文件最大可以是16 exabytes. 一个存储池最大可包含256 zettabytes 、
can contain up to 256 zettabytes (2^78) of space, and can be striped across 2^64 devices. A (2^78) 的空间, 可以条带化地分布于2^64 设备上. 单一主机最多可以创建2^64个存储池。这些限制可以说是相
single host can have 2^64 storage pools. The limits are huge. 当大。
## Commands ## 命令
### Storage Pools ### 存储池
Actions: Actions: （存储池操作）
* List * List （列举）
* Status * Status （查看状态）
* Destroy * Destroy （删除）
* Get/Set properties * Get/Set properties （获取/设置属性）
List zpools List zpools （列举存储池（也叫zpool））
```bash ```bash
# Create a raidz zpool # Create a raidz zpool （创建一个raidz类型的存储池）
$ zpool create bucket raidz1 gpt/zfs0 gpt/zfs1 gpt/zfs2 $ zpool create bucket raidz1 gpt/zfs0 gpt/zfs1 gpt/zfs2
# List ZPools # List ZPools
@ -76,17 +74,17 @@ $ zpool list
NAME SIZE ALLOC FREE EXPANDSZ FRAG CAP DEDUP HEALTH ALTROOT NAME SIZE ALLOC FREE EXPANDSZ FRAG CAP DEDUP HEALTH ALTROOT
zroot 141G 106G 35.2G - 43% 75% 1.00x ONLINE - zroot 141G 106G 35.2G - 43% 75% 1.00x ONLINE -
# List detailed information about a specific zpool # List detailed information about a specific zpool （列出某一存储池的详细信息）
$ zpool list -v zroot $ zpool list -v zroot
NAME SIZE ALLOC FREE EXPANDSZ FRAG CAP DEDUP HEALTH ALTROOT NAME SIZE ALLOC FREE EXPANDSZ FRAG CAP DEDUP HEALTH ALTROOT
zroot 141G 106G 35.2G - 43% 75% 1.00x ONLINE - zroot 141G 106G 35.2G - 43% 75% 1.00x ONLINE -
gptid/c92a5ccf-a5bb-11e4-a77d-001b2172c655 141G 106G 35.2G - 43% 75% gptid/c92a5ccf-a5bb-11e4-a77d-001b2172c655 141G 106G 35.2G - 43% 75%
``` ```
Status of zpools Status of zpools （存储池状态）
```bash ```bash
# Get status information about zpools # Get status information about zpools （获取全部zpool信息）
$ zpool status $ zpool status
pool: zroot pool: zroot
state: ONLINE state: ONLINE
@ -99,7 +97,7 @@ config:
errors: No known data errors errors: No known data errors
# Scrubbing a zpool to correct any errors # Scrubbing a zpool to correct any errors （用scrub来更正存储池错误信息）
$ zpool scrub zroot $ zpool scrub zroot
$ zpool status -v zroot $ zpool status -v zroot
pool: zroot pool: zroot
@ -116,11 +114,12 @@ config:
errors: No known data errors errors: No known data errors
``` ```
Properties of zpools Properties of zpools （存储池属性）
```bash ```bash
# Getting properties from the pool properties can be user set or system provided. # Getting properties from the pool properties can be user set or system provided.
# （获取zroot存储池的全部属性）
$ zpool get all zroot $ zpool get all zroot
NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE
zroot size 141G - zroot size 141G -
@ -129,7 +128,7 @@ zroot altroot - default
zroot health ONLINE - zroot health ONLINE -
... ...
# Setting a zpool property # Setting a zpool property （设置存储池属性，下例蛇这的是commen备注属性）
$ zpool set comment="Storage of mah stuff" zroot $ zpool set comment="Storage of mah stuff" zroot
$ zpool get comment $ zpool get comment
NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE
@ -137,48 +136,48 @@ tank comment - default
zroot comment Storage of mah stuff local zroot comment Storage of mah stuff local
``` ```
Remove zpool Remove zpool （删除存储池）
```bash ```bash
$ zpool destroy test $ zpool destroy test
``` ```
### Datasets ### Datasets （数据集）
Actions: Actions: （数据集相关操作）
* Create * Create （创建）
* List * List （列举）
* Rename * Rename （重命名）
* Delete * Delete （删除）
* Get/Set properties * Get/Set properties （获取/设置属性）
Create datasets Create datasets
```bash ```bash
# Create dataset # Create dataset （创建数据集）
$ zfs create tank/root/data $ zfs create tank/root/data
$ mount | grep data $ mount | grep data
tank/root/data on /data (zfs, local, nfsv4acls) tank/root/data on /data (zfs, local, nfsv4acls)
# Create child dataset # Create child dataset （创建子数据集）
$ zfs create tank/root/data/stuff $ zfs create tank/root/data/stuff
$ mount | grep data $ mount | grep data
tank/root/data on /data (zfs, local, nfsv4acls) tank/root/data on /data (zfs, local, nfsv4acls)
tank/root/data/stuff on /data/stuff (zfs, local, nfsv4acls) tank/root/data/stuff on /data/stuff (zfs, local, nfsv4acls)
# Create Volume # Create Volume （创建卷）
$ zfs create -V zroot/win_vm $ zfs create -V zroot/win_vm
$ zfs list zroot/win_vm $ zfs list zroot/win_vm
NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT
tank/win_vm 4.13G 17.9G 64K - tank/win_vm 4.13G 17.9G 64K -
``` ```
List datasets List datasets （列举数据集）
```bash ```bash
# List all datasets # List all datasets （列举所有数据集）
$ zfs list $ zfs list
NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT
zroot 106G 30.8G 144K none zroot 106G 30.8G 144K none
@ -189,12 +188,12 @@ zroot/backup 5.23G
zroot/home 288K 30.8G 144K none zroot/home 288K 30.8G 144K none
... ...
# List a specific dataset # List a specific dataset （列举某一数据集）
$ zfs list zroot/home $ zfs list zroot/home
NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT
zroot/home 288K 30.8G 144K none zroot/home 288K 30.8G 144K none
# List snapshots # List snapshots （列举快照）
$ zfs list -t snapshot $ zfs list -t snapshot
zroot@daily-2015-10-15 0 - 144K - zroot@daily-2015-10-15 0 - 144K -
zroot/ROOT@daily-2015-10-15 0 - 144K - zroot/ROOT@daily-2015-10-15 0 - 144K -
@ -207,24 +206,24 @@ zroot/var/log@daily-2015-10-15
zroot/var/tmp@daily-2015-10-15 0 - 152K - zroot/var/tmp@daily-2015-10-15 0 - 152K -
``` ```
Rename datasets Rename datasets （重命名数据集）
```bash ```bash
$ zfs rename tank/root/home tank/root/old_home $ zfs rename tank/root/home tank/root/old_home
$ zfs rename tank/root/new_home tank/root/home $ zfs rename tank/root/new_home tank/root/home
``` ```
Delete dataset Delete dataset （删除数据集）
```bash ```bash
# Datasets cannot be deleted if they have any snapshots # Datasets cannot be deleted if they have any snapshots （数据集如果有快照则无法删除）
zfs destroy tank/root/home zfs destroy tank/root/home
``` ```
Get / set properties of a dataset Get / set properties of a dataset （获取/设置数据集属性）
```bash ```bash
# Get all properties # Get all properties （获取全部属性）
$ zfs get all zroot/usr/home │157 # Create Volume $ zfs get all zroot/usr/home │157 # Create Volume
NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE │158 $ zfs create -V zroot/win_vm NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE │158 $ zfs create -V zroot/win_vm
zroot/home type filesystem - │159 $ zfs list zroot/win_vm zroot/home type filesystem - │159 $ zfs list zroot/win_vm
@ -235,15 +234,15 @@ zroot/home referenced 11.9G -
zroot/home mounted yes - zroot/home mounted yes -
... ...
# Get property from dataset # Get property from dataset （获取数据集属性）
$ zfs get compression zroot/usr/home $ zfs get compression zroot/usr/home
NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE
zroot/home compression off default zroot/home compression off default
# Set property on dataset # Set property on dataset （设置压缩属性compressio）
$ zfs set compression=gzip-9 mypool/lamb $ zfs set compression=gzip-9 mypool/lamb
# Get a set of properties from all datasets # Get a set of properties from all datasets （列举所有数据集的名称，配额和预留属性）
$ zfs list -o name,quota,reservation $ zfs list -o name,quota,reservation
NAME QUOTA RESERV NAME QUOTA RESERV
zroot none none zroot none none
@ -257,31 +256,31 @@ zroot/var none none
``` ```
### Snapshots ### Snapshots （快照）
ZFS snapshots are one of the things about zfs that are a really big deal 快照是ZFS 的一个非常重要的功能
* The space they take up is equal to the difference in data between the filesystem and its snapshot * 快照占用的空间等于它和原始数据的差异量
* Creation time is only seconds * 创建时间以秒计
* Recovery is as fast as you can write data. * 恢复时间和写入速度相同
* They are easy to automate. * 易于自动化
Actions: Actions: （快照相关操作）
* Create * Create （创建）
* Delete * Delete （删除）
* Rename * Rename （重命名）
* Access snapshots * Access snapshots （访问）
* Send / Receive * Send / Receive （发送/接收）
* Clone * Clone （克隆）
Create snapshots Create snapshots （创建快照）
```bash ```bash
# Create a snapshot of a single dataset # Create a snapshot of a single dataset （为单一数据集创建快照）
zfs snapshot tank/home/sarlalian@now zfs snapshot tank/home/sarlalian@now
# Create a snapshot of a dataset and its children # Create a snapshot of a dataset and its children （为数据集及其子集创建快照）
$ zfs snapshot -r tank/home@now $ zfs snapshot -r tank/home@now
$ zfs list -t snapshot $ zfs list -t snapshot
NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT
@ -291,65 +290,64 @@ tank/home/alice@now 0 - 156M -
tank/home/bob@now 0 - 156M - tank/home/bob@now 0 - 156M -
... ...
Destroy snapshots Destroy snapshots （删除快照）
```bash ```bash
# How to destroy a snapshot # How to destroy a snapshot （如何删除）
$ zfs destroy tank/home/sarlalian@now $ zfs destroy tank/home/sarlalian@now
# Delete a snapshot on a parent dataset and its children # Delete a snapshot on a parent dataset and its children （删除某一数据集及其子集的快照）
$ zfs destroy -r tank/home/sarlalian@now $ zfs destroy -r tank/home/sarlalian@now
``` ```
Renaming Snapshots Renaming Snapshots （重命名）
```bash ```bash
# Rename a snapshot # Rename a snapshot （重命名快照，示例）
$ zfs rename tank/home/sarlalian@now tank/home/sarlalian@today $ zfs rename tank/home/sarlalian@now tank/home/sarlalian@today
$ zfs rename tank/home/sarlalian@now today $ zfs rename tank/home/sarlalian@now today
# zfs rename -r tank/home@now @yesterday # zfs rename -r tank/home@now @yesterday
``` ```
Accessing snapshots Accessing snapshots （访问快照）
```bash ```bash
# CD Into a snapshot directory # CD Into a snapshot directory （cd进入一个快照目录）
$ cd /home/.zfs/snapshot/ $ cd /home/.zfs/snapshot/
``` ```
Sending and Receiving Sending and Receiving
```bash ```bash
# Backup a snapshot to a file # Backup a snapshot to a file （备份快照到一个文件）
$ zfs send tank/home/sarlalian@now | gzip > backup_file.gz $ zfs send tank/home/sarlalian@now | gzip > backup_file.gz
# Send a snapshot to another dataset # Send a snapshot to another dataset （发送快照到另一个数据集）
$ zfs send tank/home/sarlalian@now | zfs recv backups/home/sarlalian $ zfs send tank/home/sarlalian@now | zfs recv backups/home/sarlalian
# Send a snapshot to a remote host # Send a snapshot to a remote host （发送快照到一个远程主机）
$ zfs send tank/home/sarlalian@now | ssh root@backup_server 'zfs recv tank/home/sarlalian' $ zfs send tank/home/sarlalian@now | ssh root@backup_server 'zfs recv tank/home/sarlalian'
# Send full dataset with snapshos to new host # Send full dataset with snapshos to new host （发送数据集及其快照到一个新主机）
$ zfs send -v -R tank/home@now | ssh root@backup_server 'zfs recv tank/home' $ zfs send -v -R tank/home@now | ssh root@backup_server 'zfs recv tank/home'
``` ```
Cloneing Snapshots Cloneing Snapshots （克隆快照）
```bash ```bash
# Clone a snapshot # Clone a snapshot
$ zfs clone tank/home/sarlalian@now tank/home/sarlalian_new $ zfs clone tank/home/sarlalian@now tank/home/sarlalian_new
# Promoting the clone so it is no longer dependent on the snapshot # Promoting the clone so it is no longer dependent on the snapshot（提升克隆，让它不再依赖原始数据）
$ zfs promote tank/home/sarlalian_new $ zfs promote tank/home/sarlalian_new
``` ```
### Putting it all together ### Putting it all together （汇总）
This following a script utilizing FreeBSD, jails and ZFS to automate 下面这个脚本使用了FreeBSD, jails和ZFS，来自动在一个mysql群集的热备主机上为一个mysq staging数据库
provisioning a clean copy of a mysql staging database from a live replication 创建一份纯净的拷贝。
slave.
```bash ```bash
#!/bin/sh #!/bin/sh
@ -390,7 +388,7 @@ echo "RESET SLAVE;" | /usr/local/bin/mysql -u root -pmyrootpassword -h staging
``` ```
### Additional Reading ### Additional Reading （延伸阅读）
* [BSDNow's Crash Course on ZFS](http://www.bsdnow.tv/tutorials/zfs) * [BSDNow's Crash Course on ZFS](http://www.bsdnow.tv/tutorials/zfs)
* [FreeBSD Handbook on ZFS](https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/zfs.html) * [FreeBSD Handbook on ZFS](https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/zfs.html)