Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master' into scala/de

c.html.markdown

@@ -148,15 +148,10 @@ int main (int argc, char** argv)
   printf("Enter the array size: "); // ask the user for an array size
   int size;
   fscanf(stdin, "%d", &size);
-  char buf[size];
+  int var_length_array[size]; // declare the VLA
-  fgets(buf, sizeof buf, stdin);
-
-  // strtoul parses a string to an unsigned integer
-  size_t size2 = strtoul(buf, NULL, 10);
-  int var_length_array[size2]; // declare the VLA
   printf("sizeof array = %zu\n", sizeof var_length_array);
 
-  // A possible outcome of this program may be:
+  // Example:
   // > Enter the array size: 10
   // > sizeof array = 40
 

chapel.html.markdown

@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ for (i, j) in zip( toThisArray.domain, -100..#5 ){
 }
 writeln( toThisArray );
 
-// This is all very important in undestanding why the statement
+// This is all very important in understanding why the statement
 // var iterArray : [1..10] int = [ i in 1..10 ] if ( i % 2 == 1 ) then j;
 // exhibits a runtime error.
 // Even though the domain of the array and the loop-expression are
@@ -914,7 +914,7 @@ proc main(){
   [ val in myBigArray ] val = 1 / val; // Parallel operation
 
   // Atomic variables, common to many languages, are ones whose operations
-  // occur uninterupted. Multiple threads can both modify atomic variables
+  // occur uninterrupted. Multiple threads can both modify atomic variables
   // and can know that their values are safe.
   // Chapel atomic variables can be of type bool, int, uint, and real.
   var uranium: atomic int;

edn.html.markdown

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+---
+language: edn
+filename: learnedn.edn
+contributors:
+  - ["Jason Yeo", "https://github.com/jsyeo"]
+---
+
+Extensible Data Notation or EDN for short is a format for serializing data.
+
+The notation is used internally by Clojure to represent programs and it also
+used as a data transfer format like JSON. Though it is more commonly used in
+Clojure land, there are implementations of EDN for many other languages.
+
+The main benefit of EDN over JSON and YAML is that it is extensible, which we
+will see how it is extended later on.
+
+```Clojure
+; Comments start with a semicolon.
+; Anythng after the semicolon is ignored.
+
+;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+;;; Basic Types ;;;
+;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+
+nil         ; also known in other languages as null
+
+; Booleans
+true
+false
+
+; Strings are enclosed in double quotes
+"hungarian breakfast"
+"farmer's cheesy omelette"
+
+; Characters are preceeded by backslashes
+\g \r \a \c \e
+
+; Keywords start with a colon. They behave like enums. Kind of
+; like symbols in Ruby.
+:eggs
+:cheese
+:olives
+
+; Symbols are used to represent identifiers. They start with #.
+; You can namespace symbols by using /. Whatever preceeds / is
+; the namespace of the name.
+#spoon
+#kitchen/spoon ; not the same as #spoon
+#kitchen/fork
+#github/fork   ; you can't eat with this
+
+; Integers and floats
+42
+3.14159
+
+; Lists are sequences of values
+(:bun :beef-patty 9 "yum!")
+
+; Vectors allow random access
+[:gelato 1 2 -2]
+
+; Maps are associative data structures that associates the key with its value
+{:eggs        2
+ :lemon-juice 3.5
+ :butter      1}
+
+; You're not restricted to using keywords as keys
+{[1 2 3 4] "tell the people what she wore",
+ [5 6 7 8] "the more you see the more you hate"}
+
+; You may use commas for readability. They are treated as whitespaces.
+
+; Sets are collections that contain unique elements.
+#{:a :b 88 "huat"}
+
+;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+;;; Tagged Elements ;;;
+;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+
+; EDN can be extended by tagging elements with # symbols.
+
+#MyYelpClone/MenuItem {:name "eggs-benedict" :rating 10}
+
+; Let me explain this with a clojure example. Suppose I want to transform that
+; piece of edn into a MenuItem record.
+
+(defrecord MenuItem [name rating])
+
+; To transform edn to clojure values, I will need to use the built in EDN
+; reader, edn/read-string
+
+(edn/read-string "{:eggs 2 :butter 1 :flour 5}")
+; -> {:eggs 2 :butter 1 :flour 5}
+
+; To transform tagged elements, define the reader function and pass a map
+; that maps tags to reader functions to edn/read-string like so
+
+(edn/read-string {:readers {'MyYelpClone/MenuItem map->menu-item}}
+                 "#MyYelpClone/MenuItem {:name \"eggs-benedict\" :rating 10}")
+; -> #user.MenuItem{:name "eggs-benedict", :rating 10}
+
+```
+
+# References
+
+- [EDN spec](https://github.com/edn-format/edn)
+- [Implementations](https://github.com/edn-format/edn/wiki/Implementations)
+- [Tagged Elements](http://www.compoundtheory.com/clojure-edn-walkthrough/)

fr-fr/livescript-fr.html.markdown

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ filename: learnLivescript-fr.ls
 contributors:
     - ["Christina Whyte", "http://github.com/kurisuwhyte/"]
 translators:
-    - ["Morgan Bohn", "https://github.com/morganbohn"]
+    - ["Morgan Bohn", "https://github.com/dotmobo"]
 lang: fr-fr
 ---
 

fsharp.html.markdown

@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ module SequenceExamples =
     // sequences can use yield and
     // can contain subsequences
     let strange = seq {
-        // "yield! adds one element
+        // "yield" adds one element
         yield 1; yield 2;
 
         // "yield!" adds a whole subsequence
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ module DataTypeExamples =
     let person1 = {First="John"; Last="Doe"}
 
     // Pattern match to unpack
-    let {First=first} = person1    //sets first="john"
+    let {First=first} = person1    //sets first="John"
 
     // ------------------------------------
     // Union types (aka variants) have a set of choices
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ module ActivePatternExamples =
     // -----------------------------------
 
     // You can create partial matching patterns as well
-    // Just use undercore in the defintion, and return Some if matched.
+    // Just use underscore in the defintion, and return Some if matched.
     let (|MultOf3|_|) i = if i % 3 = 0 then Some MultOf3 else None
     let (|MultOf5|_|) i = if i % 5 = 0 then Some MultOf5 else None
 

hu-hu/coffeescript-hu.html.markdown

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+---
+language: coffeescript
+contributors:
+  - ["Tenor Biel", "http://github.com/L8D"]
+  - ["Xavier Yao", "http://github.com/xavieryao"]
+translators:
+  - ["Tamás Diószegi", "http://github.com/ditam"]
+filename: coffeescript-hu.coffee
+---
+
+A CoffeeScript egy apró nyelv ami egy-az-egyben egyenértékű Javascript kódra fordul, és így futásidőben már nem szükséges interpretálni.
+Mint a JavaScript egyik követője, a CoffeeScript mindent megtesz azért, hogy olvasható, jól formázott és jól futó JavaScript kódot állítson elő, ami minden JavaScript futtatókörnyezetben jól működik.
+
+Rézletekért lásd még a [CoffeeScript weboldalát](http://coffeescript.org/), ahol egy teljes CoffeScript tutorial is található.
+
+```coffeescript
+# A CoffeeScript egy hipszter nyelv.
+# Követi több modern nyelv trendjeit.
+# Így a kommentek, mint Ruby-ban és Python-ban, a szám szimbólummal kezdődnek.
+
+###
+A komment blokkok ilyenek, és közvetlenül '/ *' és '* /' jelekre fordítódnak
+az eredményül kapott JavaScript kódban.
+
+Mielőtt tovább olvasol, jobb, ha a JavaScript alapvető szemantikájával
+tisztában vagy.
+
+(A kód példák alatt kommentként látható a fordítás után kapott JavaScript kód.)
+###
+
+# Értékadás:
+number   = 42 #=> var number = 42;
+opposite = true #=> var opposite = true;
+
+# Feltételes utasítások:
+number = -42 if opposite #=> if(opposite) { number = -42; }
+
+# Függvények:
+square = (x) -> x * x #=> var square = function(x) { return x * x; }
+
+fill = (container, liquid = "coffee") ->
+  "Filling the #{container} with #{liquid}..."
+#=>var fill;
+#
+#fill = function(container, liquid) {
+#  if (liquid == null) {
+#    liquid = "coffee";
+#  }
+#  return "Filling the " + container + " with " + liquid + "...";
+#};
+
+# Szám tartományok:
+list = [1..5] #=> var list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+
+# Objektumok:
+math =
+  root:   Math.sqrt
+  square: square
+  cube:   (x) -> x * square x
+#=> var math = {
+#    "root": Math.sqrt,
+#    "square": square,
+#    "cube": function(x) { return x * square(x); }
+#   };
+
+# "Splat" jellegű függvény-paraméterek:
+race = (winner, runners...) ->
+  print winner, runners
+#=>race = function() {
+#    var runners, winner;
+#    winner = arguments[0], runners = 2 <= arguments.length ? __slice.call(arguments, 1) : [];
+#    return print(winner, runners);
+#  };
+
+# Létezés-vizsgálat:
+alert "I knew it!" if elvis?
+#=> if(typeof elvis !== "undefined" && elvis !== null) { alert("I knew it!"); }
+
+# Tömb értelmezések: (array comprehensions)
+cubes = (math.cube num for num in list)
+#=>cubes = (function() {
+#	  var _i, _len, _results;
+#	  _results = [];
+# 	for (_i = 0, _len = list.length; _i < _len; _i++) {
+#		  num = list[_i];
+#		  _results.push(math.cube(num));
+#	  }
+#	  return _results;
+# })();
+
+foods = ['broccoli', 'spinach', 'chocolate']
+eat food for food in foods when food isnt 'chocolate'
+#=>foods = ['broccoli', 'spinach', 'chocolate'];
+#
+#for (_k = 0, _len2 = foods.length; _k < _len2; _k++) {
+#  food = foods[_k];
+#  if (food !== 'chocolate') {
+#    eat(food);
+#  }
+#}
+```
+
+## További források
+
+- [Smooth CoffeeScript](http://autotelicum.github.io/Smooth-CoffeeScript/)
+- [CoffeeScript Ristretto](https://leanpub.com/coffeescript-ristretto/read)

java.html.markdown

@@ -186,9 +186,9 @@ public class LearnJava {
         //               operations perform as could be expected for a
         //               doubly-linked list.
         // Maps - A set of objects that map keys to values. Map is
-	//        an interface and therefore cannot be instantiated.
+        //        an interface and therefore cannot be instantiated.
-	//        The type of keys and values contained in a Map must
+        //        The type of keys and values contained in a Map must
-	//        be specified upon instantiation of the implementing
+        //        be specified upon instantiation of the implementing
         //        class. Each key may map to only one corresponding value,
         //        and each key may appear only once (no duplicates).
         // HashMaps - This class uses a hashtable to implement the Map
@@ -697,6 +697,64 @@ public abstract class Mammal()
         return true;
     }
 }
+
+
+// Enum Type
+//
+// An enum type is a special data type that enables for a variable to be a set of predefined constants. The        // variable must be equal to one of the values that have been predefined for it.
+// Because they are constants, the names of an enum type's fields are in uppercase letters.
+// In the Java programming language, you define an enum type by using the enum keyword. For example, you would 
+// specify a days-of-the-week enum type as:
+
+public enum Day {
+    SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
+    THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY 
+}
+
+// We can use our enum Day like that:
+
+public class EnumTest {
+    
+    // Variable Enum
+    Day day;
+    
+    public EnumTest(Day day) {
+        this.day = day;
+    }
+    
+    public void tellItLikeItIs() {
+        switch (day) {
+            case MONDAY:
+                System.out.println("Mondays are bad.");
+                break;
+                    
+            case FRIDAY:
+                System.out.println("Fridays are better.");
+                break;
+                         
+            case SATURDAY: 
+            case SUNDAY:
+                System.out.println("Weekends are best.");
+                break;
+                        
+            default:
+                System.out.println("Midweek days are so-so.");
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        EnumTest firstDay = new EnumTest(Day.MONDAY);
+        firstDay.tellItLikeItIs(); // => Mondays are bad.
+        EnumTest thirdDay = new EnumTest(Day.WEDNESDAY);
+        thirdDay.tellItLikeItIs(); // => Midweek days are so-so.
+    }
+}
+
+// Enum types are much more powerful than we show above. 
+// The enum body can include methods and other fields.
+// You can se more at https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/enum.html
+
 ```
 
 ## Further Reading
@@ -720,7 +778,7 @@ The links provided here below are just to get an understanding of the topic, fee
 
 * [Generics](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/generics/index.html)
 
-* [Java Code Conventions](http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/codeconv-138413.html)
+* [Java Code Conventions](http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/codeconvtoc-136057.html)
 
 **Online Practice and Tutorials**
 

javascript.html.markdown

@@ -101,6 +101,10 @@ false;
 // Strings are concatenated with +
 "Hello " + "world!"; // = "Hello world!"
 
+// ... which works with more than just strings
+"1, 2, " + 3; // = "1, 2, 3"
+"Hello " + ["world", "!"] // = "Hello world,!"
+
 // and are compared with < and >
 "a" < "b"; // = true
 

matlab.html.markdown

@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ pcolor(A) % Heat-map of matrix: plot as grid of rectangles, coloured by value
 contour(A) % Contour plot of matrix
 mesh(A) % Plot as a mesh surface
 
-h = figure	% Create new figure object, with handle h
+h = figure % Create new figure object, with handle h
 figure(h) % Makes the figure corresponding to handle h the current figure
 close(h) % close figure with handle h
 close all % close all open figure windows
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ length  % length of a vector
 sort    % sort in ascending order
 sum     % sum of elements
 prod    % product of elements
-mode	% modal value
+mode    % modal value
 median  % median value
 mean    % mean value
 std     % standard deviation

python.html.markdown

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ executable pseudocode.
 Feedback would be highly appreciated! You can reach me at [@louiedinh](http://twitter.com/louiedinh) or louiedinh [at] [google's email service]
 
 Note: This article applies to Python 2.7 specifically, but should be applicable
-to Python 2.x. Python 2.7 is reachong end of life and will stop beeign maintained in 2020,
+to Python 2.x. Python 2.7 is reaching end of life and will stop being maintained in 2020,
-it is though recommended to start learnign Python with Python 3.
+it is though recommended to start learning Python with Python 3.
 For Python 3.x, take a look at the [Python 3 tutorial](http://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/python3/).
 
 It is also possible to write Python code which is compatible with Python 2.7 and 3.x at the same time,
@@ -123,8 +123,12 @@ not False  # => True
 # A string can be treated like a list of characters
 "This is a string"[0]  # => 'T'
 
-# % can be used to format strings, like this:
+#String formatting with %
-"%s can be %s" % ("strings", "interpolated")
+#Even though the % string operator will be deprecated on Python 3.1 and removed 
+#later at some time, it may still be good to know how it works.
+x = 'apple'
+y = 'lemon'
+z = "The items in the basket are %s and %s" % (x,y)
 
 # A newer way to format strings is the format method.
 # This method is the preferred way

ru-ru/clojure-ru.html.markdown

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ Clojure, это представитель семейства Lisp-подобн
 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
 
 ; Функция создается специальной формой fn.
-; "Тело"" функции может состоять из нескольких форм,
+; "Тело" функции может состоять из нескольких форм,
 ; но результатом вызова функции всегда будет результат вычисления
 ; последней из них.
 (fn [] "Hello World") ; => fn

ru-ru/php-ru.html.markdown

@@ -420,8 +420,6 @@ include_once 'my-file.php';
 require 'my-file.php';
 require_once 'my-file.php';
 
-// Same as include(), except require() will cause a fatal error if the
-// file cannot be included.
 // Действует также как и include(), но если файл не удалось подключить,
 // функция выдает фатальную ошибку
 

zh-cn/haskell-cn.html.markdown

@@ -200,13 +200,13 @@ foo 5 -- 75
 -- 你可以使用 `$` 来移除多余的括号。
 
 -- 修改前
-(even (fib 7)) -- true
+(even (fib 7)) -- False
 
 -- 修改后
-even . fib $ 7 -- true
+even . fib $ 7 -- False
 
 -- 等价地
-even $ fib 7 -- true
+even $ fib 7 -- False
 
 ----------------------------------------------------
 -- 5. 类型声明

zh-cn/java-cn.html.markdown

@@ -405,4 +405,4 @@ class PennyFarthing extends Bicycle {
 
 * [泛型](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/generics/index.html)
 
-* [Java代码规范](http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/codeconv-138413.html)
+* [Java代码规范](http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/codeconvtoc-136057.html)