Fix up PHP

php.html.markdown

@@ -8,11 +8,14 @@ This document describes PHP 5+.
 
 ## [Basic Syntax](http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.basic-syntax.php)
 
-All statements must end with a semi-colon; All PHP code must be between <?php and ?> tags. PHP can also be configured to respect the [short open tags](http://www.php.net/manual/en/ini.core.php#ini.short-open-tag) <? and ?>.
+All statements must end with a semi-colon; All PHP code must be between <?php and ?> tags. PHP can also be
+configured to respect the [short open tags](http://www.php.net/manual/en/ini.core.php#ini.short-open-tag) <? and ?>.
 
 ## [Comments](http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.basic-syntax.comments.php)
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 // Two forward slashes start a one-line comment.
 
 # So will a hash (aka pound symbol) but // is more common
@@ -25,11 +28,14 @@ All statements must end with a semi-colon; All PHP code must be between <?php an
 
 ## [Types](http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.php)
 
-Types are [weakly typed](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing) and begin with the $ symbol. A valid variable name starts with a letter or underscore, followed by any number of letters, numbers, or underscores.
+Types are [weakly typed](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing) and begin with the $ symbol.
+A valid variable name starts with a letter or underscore, followed by any number of letters, numbers, or underscores.
 
 ### Scalars
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 // Boolean values are case-insensitive
 $boolean = true; // or TRUE or True
 $boolean = false; // or FALSE or False
@@ -52,20 +58,29 @@ $product = $number * $float;
 $quotient = $number / $float;
 
 // Shorthand arithmetic
-$number += 1; // Will add 1 to $number
+$number += 1; // Add 1 to $number
-$number++; // Will add 1 to $number after it is used
+$number++; // Add 1 to $number after it is used
-++$number; // Will add 1 to $number before it is used.
+++$number; // Add 1 to $number before it is used.
-$number /= $float // Will divide $number $float, and assign the quotient to $number
+$number /= $float // Divide and assign the quotient to $number
 
-// Strings
+// Strings should be enclosed in single quotes;
-$sgl_quotes = 'String'; // Strings should be enclosed in single quotes;
+$sgl_quotes = '$String'; // => '$String'
-$dbl_quotes = "This is a $sgl_quotes." // Avoid using double quotes to embed other variables
+
-$escaped = "This contains a \t tab character."; // Escape special characters with backslash
+// Avoid using double quotes except to embed other variables
-$money = "I have $${integer} in the bank." // Enclose a variable in curly braces if needed
+$dbl_quotes = "This is a $sgl_quotes." // => 'This is a $String'
+
+// Escape special characters with backslash
+$escaped = "This contains a \t tab character.";
+
+// Enclose a variable in curly braces if needed
+$money = "I have $${integer} in the bank."
+
+// Since PHP 5.3, nowdocs can be used for uninterpolated multi-liners
 $nowdoc = <<<'END'
 Multi line
 string
 END;
+
 $heredoc = <<<END
 Multi line
 $sgl_quotes
@@ -78,6 +93,8 @@ $concatenated = $sgl_quotes + $dbl_quotes;
 ### Compound
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 // Arrays
 $array = array(1, 2, 3);
 $array = [1, 2, 3]; // As of PHP 5.4
@@ -92,14 +109,22 @@ $associative["One"]; // Holds the value 1
 ## Output
 
 ```php
-echo('Hello World!'); // Prints Hello World! to stdout. Stdout is the web page if running in a browser.
+<?php
+
+echo('Hello World!');
+// Prints Hello World! to stdout.
+// Stdout is the web page if running in a browser.
+
 print('Hello World!'); // The same as echo
-echo 'Hello World!'; // echo is actually a language construct, so you can drop the parentheses.
+
+// echo is actually a language construct, so you can drop the parentheses.
+echo 'Hello World!';
 echo 100;
 echo $variable;
-echo function_result(); // Output the result of a function call that returns a value. More on functions later.
+echo function_result();
 
-// If [short open tags](http://www.php.net/manual/en/ini.core.php#ini.short-open-tag) are configured, or your PHP version is 5.4.0 or greater, you can use the short echo syntax
+// If short open tags are configured, or your PHP version is
+// 5.4.0 or greater, you can use the short echo syntax
 <?= $variable ?>
 ```
 
@@ -108,15 +133,21 @@ echo function_result(); // Output the result of a function call that returns a v
 ### Assignment
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 $a = 1;
 $b = 2;
 $a = $b; // A now contains the same value sa $b
-$a =& $b; // A now contains a reference to $b. Changing the value of $a will change the value of $b also, and vice-versa.
+$a =& $b;
+// A now contains a reference to $b. Changing the value of
+// $a will change the value of $b also, and vice-versa.
 ```
 
 ### Comparison
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 $a == $b // TRUE if $a is equal to $b after type juggling.
 $a === $b // TRUE if $a is equal to $b, and they are of the same type.
 $a != $b // TRUE if $a is not equal to $b after type juggling.
@@ -133,14 +164,18 @@ $a >= $b // TRUE if $a is greater than or equal to $b.
 Variables can be converted between types, depending on their usage.
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 $integer = 1;
 echo $integer + $integer; // Outputs 2;
 
 $string = '1';
-echo $string + $string; // Also outputs 2 because the + operator converts the strings to integers
+echo $string + $string;
+// Also outputs 2 because the + operator converts the strings to integers
 
 $string = 'one';
-echo $string + $string; // Outputs 0 because the + operator cannot cast the string 'one' to a number
+echo $string + $string;
+// Outputs 0 because the + operator cannot cast the string 'one' to a number
 
 $boolean = (boolean) $integer; // $boolean is true
 
@@ -148,7 +183,8 @@ $zero = 0;
 $boolean = (boolean) $zero; // $boolean is false
 
 $integer = 5;
-$string = strval($integer); // There are also dedicated functions for casting most types
+$string = strval($integer);
+// There are also dedicated functions for casting most types
 
 $var = null; // Null value
 ```
@@ -158,6 +194,8 @@ $var = null; // Null value
 ### If Statements
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 if (/* test */) {
     // Do something
 }
@@ -181,6 +219,7 @@ if (/* test */) {
 } else {
     // Do something default
 }
+?>
 
 <?php if (/* test */): ?>
 <!-- Do something that isn't PHP -->
@@ -192,6 +231,8 @@ if (/* test */) {
 ### Switch statements
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 switch ($variable) {
     case 'one':
         // Do something if $variable == 'one'
@@ -209,6 +250,8 @@ switch ($variable) {
 ### Loops
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 $i = 0;
 while ($i < 5) {
     echo $i++;
@@ -255,6 +298,8 @@ while ($i < 5) {
 Functions are created with the ```function``` keyword.
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 function my_function($my_arg) {
     $my_variable = 1;
 }
@@ -265,16 +310,21 @@ function my_function($my_arg) {
 Functions may be invoked by name.
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 my_function_name();
 
 $variable = get_something(); // A function may return a value
 ```
 
-A valid function name starts with a letter or underscore, followed by any number of letters, numbers, or underscores. There are three ways to declare functions.
+A valid function name starts with a letter or underscore, followed by any
+number of letters, numbers, or underscores. There are three ways to declare functions.
 
 ### [User-defined](http://www.php.net/manual/en/functions.user-defined.php)
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 function my_function_name ($arg_1, $arg_2) { // $arg_1 and $arg_2 are required
     // Do something with $arg_1 and $arg_2;
 }
@@ -291,6 +341,8 @@ function outer_function ($arg_1 = null) { // $arg_1 is optional
 ### [Variable](http://www.php.net/manual/en/functions.variable-functions.php)
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 $function_name = 'my_function_name';
 
 $function_name(); // will execute the my_function_name() function
@@ -301,6 +353,8 @@ $function_name(); // will execute the my_function_name() function
 Similar to variable functions, functions may be anonymous.
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 my_function(function () {
     // do something
 });
@@ -318,6 +372,8 @@ $my_function();
 Classes are defined with the ```class``` keyword.
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 class MyClass {
     const MY_CONST = 'value';
     static $staticVar = 'something';
@@ -330,9 +386,12 @@ final class YouCannotExtendMe {
 }
 ```
 
-Classes are insantiated with the ```new``` keyword. Functions are referred to as methods if they belong to a class.
+Classes are insantiated with the ```new``` keyword. Functions are referred to as
+methods if they belong to a class.
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 class MyClass {
     function myFunction() {
     }
@@ -358,6 +417,8 @@ MyClass::myStaticMethod(); // myStaticMethod cannot be run on $cls
 PHP offers some [magic methods](http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.magic.php) for classes.
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 class MyClass {
     private $property;
     
@@ -373,13 +434,15 @@ class MyClass {
 }
 
 $x = new MyClass();
-echo $x->property; // Will use the __get() method to retrieve the value of $property
+echo $x->property; // Will use the __get() method
-$x->property = 'Something'; // Will use the __set() method to set the value of property
+$x->property = 'Something'; // Will use the __set() method
 ```
 
 Classes can be abstract (using the ```abstract``` keyword), extend other classes (using the ```extends``` keyword) and implement interfaces (using the ```implements``` keyword). An interface is declared with the ```interface``` keyword.
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 interface InterfaceOne
 {
     public function doSomething();
@@ -409,10 +472,14 @@ class SomeOtherClass implements InterfaceOne, InterfaceTwo
 By default, classes exist in the global namespace, and can be explicitly called with a backslash.
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 $cls = new \MyClass();
 ```
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 namespace My\Namespace;
 
 class MyClass
@@ -425,6 +492,8 @@ $cls = new My\Namespace\MyClass;
 Or from within another namespace.
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 namespace My\Other\Namespace;
 
 use My\Namespace\MyClass;
@@ -435,6 +504,8 @@ $cls = new MyClass();
 Or you can alias the namespace;
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 namespace My\Other\Namespace;
 
 use My\Namespace as SomeOtherNamespace;
@@ -447,6 +518,8 @@ $cls = new SomeOtherNamespace\MyClass();
 Traits are available since PHP 5.4.0 and are declared using the ```trait``` keyword.
 
 ```php
+<?php
+
 trait MyTrait {
     public function myTraitMethod()
     {