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add examples for using, typedefs, and conditional comp. more refmt.

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Justin Donaldson 2013-08-21 22:07:32 -07:00
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@ -28,27 +28,35 @@ references.
*/
/*
A package declaration isn't necessary, but it's useful if you want to
organize your code into modules later on. Also worth mentioning, if you use
more than one expression in a code block, it must end in a semicolon:
This is your first actual haxe code, it's declaring an empty package. A
package isn't necessary, but it's useful if you want to create a namespace
for your code (e.g. org.module.ClassName).
*/
package; // empty package, no namespace.
// if you import code from other files, it must be declared before the rest of
// the code.
/*
if you import code from other files, it must be declared before the rest of
the code.
*/
import haxe.ds.ArraySort;
// you can import many classes/modules at once with "*"
import haxe.ds.*;
// you can also import classes in a special way, enabling them to extend the
// functionality of other classes. More on this later.
/*
you can also import classes in a special way, enabling them to extend the
functionality of other classes. More on 'using' later.
*/
using StringTools;
// Haxe files typically define classes, although they can also define other
// types of code... more on that later.
/*
Typedefs are like variables... for types. They must be declared before any
code. More on this later.
*/
typedef FooString = String;
// Typedefs can also use "structural" types, more on that later as well!
typedef FooObject = { foo: String };
class LearnHaxe3{
/*
@ -254,6 +262,24 @@ class LearnHaxe3{
// there is also a "ternary" if:
(j == 10) ? trace("equals 10") : trace("not equals 10");
/*
Finally, there is another form of control structures that operates
at compile time: conditional compilation.
*/
#if neko
trace('hello from neko');
#elseif js
trace('hello from js');
#else
trace('hello from another platform!');
#end
/*
The compiled code will change depending on the platform target.
Since we're compiling for neko (-x or -neko), we only get the neko
greeting.
*/
trace("Looping and Iteration");
// while loop
@ -410,6 +436,15 @@ class LearnHaxe3{
it is accepted.
*/
BaseFooClass.acceptBaseFoo(instance);
/*
The classes below have some more advanced examples, the "example()"
method will just run them here.
*/
SimpleEnumTest.example();
ComplexEnumTest.example();
TypedefsAndStructuralTypes.example();
}
}
@ -530,11 +565,7 @@ enum ComplexEnum{
SimpleEnumEnum(s:SimpleEnum);
ComplexEnumEnum(c:ComplexEnum);
}
/*
Note: The enum above can include *other* enums as well.
*/
// Note: The enum above can include *other* enums as well, including itself!
class ComplexEnumTest{
public static function example(){
@ -544,17 +575,19 @@ class ComplexEnumTest{
it might of had.
*/
switch(e1){
case IntEnum(x) : trace("x was the parameter passed to e1");
case IntEnum(x) : trace('$x was the parameter passed to e1');
default: trace("Shouldn't be printed");
}
var e2 = SimpleEnumEnum(Foo); // another parameter here that is itself an enum... an enum enum?
// another parameter here that is itself an enum... an enum enum?
var e2 = SimpleEnumEnum(Foo);
switch(e2){
case SimpleEnumEnum(s): trace('$s was the parameter passed to e2');
default: trace("Shouldn't be printed");
}
var e3 = ComplexEnumEnum(ComplexEnumEnum(MultiEnum(4, 'hi', 4.3))); // enums all the way down
// enums all the way down
var e3 = ComplexEnumEnum(ComplexEnumEnum(MultiEnum(4, 'hi', 4.3)));
switch(e3){
// You can look for certain nested enums by specifying them explicitly:
case ComplexEnumEnum(ComplexEnumEnum(MultiEnum(i,j,k))) : {
@ -563,11 +596,113 @@ class ComplexEnumTest{
default: trace("Shouldn't be printed");
}
/*
Check out generalized algebraic data types (GADT) for more details
Check out "generalized algebraic data types" (GADT) for more details
on why these are so great.
*/
}
}
class TypedefsAndStructuralTypes {
public static function example(){
// Here we're going to use typedef types, instead of base types.
var t1:FooString = "some string";
/*
We can use typedefs for "structural types". These types are defined
by their field structure, not by class inheritance. Here's an
anonymous object with a String field named "foo":
*/
var fooObj = { foo: 'hi' };
/*
Remember back at the top where we declared the FooObj typedef?
Since fooObj matches that structure, we can use it anywhere that
a "FooObject" is expected.
*/
var f = function(fo:FooObj){ trace('$fo was passed in to this function')};
f(fooObj); // call the FooObject signature function with fooObj.
/*
Note that typedefs can have optional fields as well, marked with "?"
typedef OptionalFooObj = {
?optionalString: String,
requiredInt: Int
}
*/
/*
Typedefs work well with conditional compilation. For instance,
we could have included this at the top of the file:
#if( js )
typedef Surface = js.html.CanvasRenderingContext2D;
#elseif( nme )
typedef Surface = nme.display.Graphics;
#elseif( !flash9 )
typedef Surface = flash8.MovieClip;
#elseif( java )
typedef Surface = java.awt.geom.GeneralPath;
#end
That would give us a single "Surface" type to work with across
all of those platforms.
*/
}
}
class UsingExample {
public static function example() {
/*
The "using" import keyword is a special type of class import that
alters the behavior of any static methods in the class.
In this file, we've applied "using" to "StringTools", which contains
a number of static methods for dealing with String types.
*/
trace(StringTools.endsWith("foobar", "bar") + " should be true!");
/*
With a "using" import, the first argument type is extended with the
method. What does that mean? Well, since "endsWith" has a first
argument type of "String", that means all String types now have the
"endsWith" method:
*/
trace("foobar".endsWith("bar") + " should be true!");
/*
This technique enables a good deal of expression for certain types,
while limiting the scope of modifications to a single file.
Note that the String instance is *not* modified in the run time.
The newly attached method is not really part of the attached
instance, and the compiler still generates code equivalent to a
static method.
*/
}
}
```
We're still only scratching the surface here of what Haxe can do. For a formal
overiew of all Haxe features, checkout the [online
manual](http://haxe.org/manual), the [online api](http://api.haxe.org/), and
"haxelib", the [haxe library repo] (http://lib.haxe.org/).
For more advanced topics, consider checking out:
* [Abstract types](http://haxe.org/manual/abstracts)
* [Macros](http://haxe.org/manual/macros), and [Compiler Macros](http://haxe.org/manual/macros_compiler)
* [Tips and Tricks](http://haxe.org/manual/tips_and_tricks)
Finally, please join us on [the mailing
list](http://haxe.org/manual/tips_and_tricks), on IRC [#haxe on
freenode](http://webchat.freenode.net/), or on
[Google+](https://plus.google.com/communities/103302587329918132234).