diff --git a/dart.html.markdown b/dart.html.markdown index ce6f681b..f7c50b82 100644 --- a/dart.html.markdown +++ b/dart.html.markdown @@ -2,28 +2,29 @@ language: dart filename: learndart.dart contributors: - - ["Joao Pedrosa", "https://github.com/jpedrosa/"] + - ["Joao Pedrosa", "https://github.com/jpedrosa/"] + - ["Vince Ramces Oliveros", "https://github.com/ram231"] --- Dart is a newcomer into the realm of programming languages. It borrows a lot from other mainstream languages, having as a goal not to deviate too much from -its JavaScript sibling. Like JavaScript, Dart aims for great browser integration. +~~its JavaScript sibling. Like JavaScript, Dart aims for great browser integration.~~ -Dart's most controversial feature must be its Optional Typing. +Dart's most controversial feature must be its ~~Optional Typing~~ Static Type safety and [Sound Type checks](https://dart.dev/guides/language/sound-dart). ```dart import "dart:collection"; -import "dart:math" as DM; +import "dart:math" as math; -// Welcome to Learn Dart in 15 minutes. http://www.dartlang.org/ -// This is an executable tutorial. You can run it with Dart or on -// the Try Dart! site if you copy/paste it there. http://try.dartlang.org/ - -// Function declaration and method declaration look the same. Function -// declarations can be nested. The declaration takes the form of -// name() {} or name() => singleLineExpression; -// The fat arrow function declaration has an implicit return for the result of -// the expression. +/// Welcome to Learn Dart in 15 minutes. http://dart.dev/ +/// This is an executable tutorial. You can run it with Dart or on +/// the Try Dart! site if you copy/paste it there. http://dartpad.dev/ +/// You can also run Flutter in DartPad by click the `< > New Pad ` and choose Flutter +/// Function declaration and method declaration look the same. Function +/// declarations can be nested. The declaration takes the form of +/// name() {} or name() => singleLineExpression; +/// The fat arrow function declaration can be an implicit or explicit return for the result of +/// the expression. example1() { nested1() { nested2() => print("Example1 nested 1 nested 2"); @@ -32,29 +33,30 @@ example1() { nested1(); } -// Anonymous functions don't include a name. +/// Anonymous functions don't include a name. example2() { - nested1(fn) { + //// Explicit return type. + nested1(Function fn) { fn(); } nested1(() => print("Example2 nested 1")); } -// When a function parameter is declared, the declaration can include the -// number of parameters the function takes by specifying the names of the -// parameters it takes. +/// When a function parameter is declared, the declaration can include the +/// number of parameters the function takes by specifying the names of the +/// parameters it takes. example3() { planA(fn(informSomething)) { fn("Example3 plan A"); } - planB(fn) { // Or don't declare number of parameters. + planB(fn) { /// Or don't declare number of parameters. fn("Example3 plan B"); } planA((s) => print(s)); planB((s) => print(s)); } -// Functions have closure access to outer variables. +/// Functions have closure access to outer variables. var example4Something = "Example4 nested 1"; example4() { nested1(fn(informSomething)) { @@ -63,8 +65,8 @@ example4() { nested1((s) => print(s)); } -// Class declaration with a sayIt method, which also has closure access -// to the outer variable as though it were a function as seen before. +/// Class declaration with a sayIt method, which also has closure access +/// to the outer variable as though it were a function as seen before. var example5method = "Example5 sayIt"; class Example5Class { sayIt() { @@ -72,14 +74,14 @@ class Example5Class { } } example5() { - // Create an anonymous instance of the Example5Class and call the sayIt - // method on it. + /// Create an anonymous instance of the Example5Class and call the sayIt + /// method on it. new Example5Class().sayIt(); } -// Class declaration takes the form of class name { [classBody] }. -// Where classBody can include instance methods and variables, but also -// class methods and variables. +/// Class declaration takes the form of class name { [classBody] }. +/// Where classBody can include instance methods and variables, but also +/// class methods and variables. class Example6Class { var instanceVariable = "Example6 instance variable"; sayIt() { @@ -90,7 +92,7 @@ example6() { new Example6Class().sayIt(); } -// Class methods and variables are declared with "static" terms. +/// Class methods and variables are declared with "static" terms. class Example7Class { static var classVariable = "Example7 class variable"; static sayItFromClass() { @@ -105,11 +107,11 @@ example7() { new Example7Class().sayItFromInstance(); } -// Literals are great, but there's a restriction for what literals can be -// outside of function/method bodies. Literals on the outer scope of class -// or outside of class have to be constant. Strings and numbers are constant -// by default. But arrays and maps are not. They can be made constant by -// declaring them "const". +/// Literals are great, but there's a restriction for what literals can be +/// outside of function/method bodies. Literals on the outer scope of class +/// or outside of class have to be constant. Strings and numbers are constant +/// by default. But arrays and maps are not. They can be made constant by +/// declaring them "const". var example8Array = const ["Example8 const array"], example8Map = const {"someKey": "Example8 const map"}; example8() { @@ -117,9 +119,9 @@ example8() { print(example8Map["someKey"]); } -// Loops in Dart take the form of standard for () {} or while () {} loops, -// slightly more modern for (.. in ..) {}, or functional callbacks with many -// supported features, starting with forEach. +/// Loops in Dart take the form of standard for () {} or while () {} loops, +/// slightly more modern for (.. in ..) {}, or functional callbacks with many +/// supported features, starting with forEach. var example9Array = const ["a", "b"]; example9() { for (var i = 0; i < example9Array.length; i++) { @@ -136,7 +138,7 @@ example9() { example9Array.forEach((e) => print("Example9 forEach loop '${e}'")); } -// To loop over the characters of a string or to extract a substring. +/// To loop over the characters of a string or to extract a substring. var example10String = "ab"; example10() { for (var i = 0; i < example10String.length; i++) { @@ -147,14 +149,14 @@ example10() { } } -// Int and double are the two supported number formats. +/// Int and double are the two supported number formats. example11() { var i = 1 + 320, d = 3.2 + 0.01; print("Example11 int ${i}"); print("Example11 double ${d}"); } -// DateTime provides date/time arithmetic. +/// DateTime provides date/time arithmetic. example12() { var now = new DateTime.now(); print("Example12 now '${now}'"); @@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ example12() { print("Example12 tomorrow '${now}'"); } -// Regular expressions are supported. +/// Regular expressions are supported. example13() { var s1 = "some string", s2 = "some", re = new RegExp("^s.+?g\$"); match(s) { @@ -176,7 +178,7 @@ example13() { match(s2); } -// Boolean expressions support implicit conversions and dynamic type +/// Boolean expressions support implicit conversions and dynamic type example14() { var a = true; if (a) { @@ -186,11 +188,11 @@ example14() { if (a) { print("true, a is $a"); } else { - print("false, a is $a"); // runs here + print("false, a is $a"); /// runs here } - // dynamic typed null can be convert to bool - var b;// b is dynamic type + /// dynamic typed null can be convert to bool + var b;/// b is dynamic type b = "abc"; try { if (b) { @@ -199,35 +201,35 @@ example14() { print("false, b is $b"); } } catch (e) { - print("error, b is $b"); // this could be run but got error + print("error, b is $b"); /// this could be run but got error } b = null; if (b) { print("true, b is $b"); } else { - print("false, b is $b"); // runs here + print("false, b is $b"); /// runs here } - // statically typed null can not be convert to bool + /// statically typed null can not be convert to bool var c = "abc"; c = null; - // complie failed - // if (c) { - // print("true, c is $c"); - // } else { - // print("false, c is $c"); - // } + /// complie failed + /// if (c) { + /// print("true, c is $c"); + /// } else { + /// print("false, c is $c"); + /// } } -// try/catch/finally and throw are used for exception handling. -// throw takes any object as parameter; +/// try/catch/finally and throw are used for exception handling. +/// throw takes any object as parameter; example15() { try { try { throw "Some unexpected error."; } catch (e) { print("Example15 an exception: '${e}'"); - throw e; // Re-throw + throw e; /// Re-throw } } catch (e) { print("Example15 catch exception being re-thrown: '${e}'"); @@ -236,8 +238,8 @@ example15() { } } -// To be efficient when creating a long string dynamically, use -// StringBuffer. Or you could join a string array. +/// To be efficient when creating a long string dynamically, use +/// StringBuffer. Or you could join a string array. example16() { var sb = new StringBuffer(), a = ["a", "b", "c", "d"], e; for (e in a) { sb.write(e); } @@ -246,8 +248,8 @@ example16() { print("Example16 join string array '${a.join()}'"); } -// Strings can be concatenated by just having string literals next to -// one another with no further operator needed. +/// Strings can be concatenated by just having string literals next to +/// one another with no further operator needed. example17() { print("Example17 " "concatenate " @@ -255,44 +257,44 @@ example17() { "just like that"); } -// Strings have single-quote or double-quote for delimiters with no -// actual difference between the two. The given flexibility can be good -// to avoid the need to escape content that matches the delimiter being -// used. For example, double-quotes of HTML attributes if the string -// contains HTML content. +/// Strings have single-quote or double-quote for delimiters with no +/// actual difference between the two. The given flexibility can be good +/// to avoid the need to escape content that matches the delimiter being +/// used. For example, double-quotes of HTML attributes if the string +/// contains HTML content. example18() { print('Example18 ' "Don't can't I'm Etc" ''); } -// Strings with triple single-quotes or triple double-quotes span -// multiple lines and include line delimiters. +/// Strings with triple single-quotes or triple double-quotes span +/// multiple lines and include line delimiters. example19() { print('''Example19 Example19 Don't can't I'm Etc Example19 '''); } -// Strings have the nice interpolation feature with the $ character. -// With $ { [expression] }, the return of the expression is interpolated. -// $ followed by a variable name interpolates the content of that variable. -// $ can be escaped like so \$ to just add it to the string instead. +/// Strings have the nice interpolation feature with the $ character. +/// With $ { [expression] }, the return of the expression is interpolated. +/// $ followed by a variable name interpolates the content of that variable. +/// $ can be escaped like so \$ to just add it to the string instead. example20() { var s1 = "'\${s}'", s2 = "'\$s'"; print("Example20 \$ interpolation ${s1} or $s2 works."); } -// Optional types allow for the annotation of APIs and come to the aid of -// IDEs so the IDEs can better refactor, auto-complete and check for -// errors. So far we haven't declared any types and the programs have -// worked just fine. In fact, types are disregarded during runtime. -// Types can even be wrong and the program will still be given the -// benefit of the doubt and be run as though the types didn't matter. -// There's a runtime parameter that checks for type errors which is -// the checked mode, which is said to be useful during development time, -// but which is also slower because of the extra checking and is thus -// avoided during deployment runtime. +/// Optional types allow for the annotation of APIs and come to the aid of +/// IDEs so the IDEs can better refactor, auto-complete and check for +/// errors. So far we haven't declared any types and the programs have +/// worked just fine. In fact, types are disregarded during runtime. +/// Types can even be wrong and the program will still be given the +/// benefit of the doubt and be run as though the types didn't matter. +/// There's a runtime parameter that checks for type errors which is +/// the checked mode, which is said to be useful during development time, +/// but which is also slower because of the extra checking and is thus +/// avoided during deployment runtime. class Example21 { List _names; Example21() { @@ -315,7 +317,7 @@ void example21() { print("Example21 names '${o.names}' and length '${o.length}'"); } -// Class inheritance takes the form of class name extends AnotherClassName {}. +/// Class inheritance takes the form of class name extends AnotherClassName {}. class Example22A { var _name = "Some Name!"; get name => _name; @@ -326,13 +328,13 @@ example22() { print("Example22 class inheritance '${o.name}'"); } -// Class mixin is also available, and takes the form of -// class name extends SomeClass with AnotherClassName {}. -// It's necessary to extend some class to be able to mixin another one. -// The template class of mixin cannot at the moment have a constructor. -// Mixin is mostly used to share methods with distant classes, so the -// single inheritance doesn't get in the way of reusable code. -// Mixins follow the "with" statement during the class declaration. +/// Class mixin is also available, and takes the form of +/// class name extends SomeClass with AnotherClassName {}. +/// It's necessary to extend some class to be able to mixin another one. +/// The template class of mixin cannot at the moment have a constructor. +/// Mixin is mostly used to share methods with distant classes, so the +/// single inheritance doesn't get in the way of reusable code. +/// Mixins follow the "with" statement during the class declaration. class Example23A {} class Example23Utils { addTwo(n1, n2) { @@ -351,10 +353,10 @@ example23() { print("Example23 addTwo(1, 2) results in '${r2}'"); } -// The Class constructor method uses the same name of the class and -// takes the form of SomeClass() : super() {}, where the ": super()" -// part is optional and it's used to delegate constant parameters to the -// super-parent's constructor. +/// The Class constructor method uses the same name of the class and +/// takes the form of SomeClass() : super() {}, where the ": super()" +/// part is optional and it's used to delegate constant parameters to the +/// super-parent's constructor. class Example24A { var _value; Example24A({value: "someValue"}) { @@ -372,9 +374,9 @@ example24() { print("Example24 calling super during constructor '${o2.value}'"); } -// There's a shortcut to set constructor parameters in case of simpler classes. -// Just use the this.parameterName prefix and it will set the parameter on -// an instance variable of same name. +/// There's a shortcut to set constructor parameters in case of simpler classes. +/// Just use the this.parameterName prefix and it will set the parameter on +/// an instance variable of same name. class Example25 { var value, anotherValue; Example25({this.value, this.anotherValue}); @@ -385,9 +387,9 @@ example25() { "'${o.anotherValue}'"); } -// Named parameters are available when declared between {}. -// Parameter order can be optional when declared between {}. -// Parameters can be made optional when declared between []. +/// Named parameters are available when declared between {}. +/// Parameter order can be optional when declared between {}. +/// Parameters can be made optional when declared between []. example26() { var _name, _surname, _email; setConfig1({name, surname}) { @@ -407,13 +409,13 @@ example26() { "email '${_email}'"); } -// Variables declared with final can only be set once. -// In case of classes, final instance variables can be set via constant -// constructor parameter. +/// Variables declared with final can only be set once. +/// In case of classes, final instance variables can be set via constant +/// constructor parameter. class Example27 { final color1, color2; - // A little flexibility to set final instance variables with syntax - // that follows the : + /// A little flexibility to set final instance variables with syntax + /// that follows the : Example27({this.color1, color2}) : color2 = color2; } example27() { @@ -422,11 +424,11 @@ example27() { print("Example27 color is '${o.color1}' and '${o.color2}'"); } -// To import a library, use import "libraryPath" or if it's a core library, -// import "dart:libraryName". There's also the "pub" package management with -// its own convention of import "package:packageName". -// See import "dart:collection"; at the top. Imports must come before -// other code declarations. IterableBase comes from dart:collection. +/// To import a library, use import "libraryPath" or if it's a core library, +/// import "dart:libraryName". There's also the "pub" package management with +/// its own convention of import "package:packageName". +/// See import "dart:collection"; at the top. Imports must come before +/// other code declarations. IterableBase comes from dart:collection. class Example28 extends IterableBase { var names; Example28() { @@ -439,11 +441,11 @@ example28() { o.forEach((name) => print("Example28 '${name}'")); } -// For control flow we have: -// * standard switch with must break statements -// * if-else if-else and ternary ..?..:.. operator -// * closures and anonymous functions -// * break, continue and return statements +/// For control flow we have: +/// * standard switch with must break statements +/// * if-else if-else and ternary ..?..:.. operator +/// * closures and anonymous functions +/// * break, continue and return statements example29() { var v = true ? 30 : 60; switch (v) { @@ -470,17 +472,17 @@ example29() { } else { continue; } - // Never gets here. + /// Never gets here. } } -// Parse int, convert double to int, or just keep int when dividing numbers -// by using the ~/ operation. Let's play a guess game too. +/// Parse int, convert double to int, or just keep int when dividing numbers +/// by using the ~/ operation. Let's play a guess game too. example30() { var gn, tooHigh = false, n, n2 = (2.0).toInt(), top = int.parse("123") ~/ n2, bottom = 0; top = top ~/ 6; - gn = new DM.Random().nextInt(top + 1); // +1 because nextInt top is exclusive + gn = new DM.Random().nextInt(top + 1); /// +1 because nextInt top is exclusive print("Example30 Guess a number between 0 and ${top}"); guessNumber(i) { if (n == gn) { @@ -503,8 +505,8 @@ example30() { } } -// Optional Positional Parameter: -// parameter will be disclosed with square bracket [ ] & square bracketed parameter are optional. +/// Optional Positional Parameter: +/// parameter will be disclosed with square bracket [ ] & square bracketed parameter are optional. example31() { findVolume31(int length, int breath, [int height]) { print('length = $length, breath = $breath, height = $height'); @@ -514,12 +516,12 @@ example31() { findVolume31(10,20); //also valid } -// Optional Named Parameter: -// parameter will be disclosed with curly bracket { } -// curly bracketed parameter are optional. -// have to use parameter name to assign a value which separated with colan : -// in curly bracketed parameter order does not matter -// these type parameter help us to avoid confusion while passing value for a function which has many parameter. +/// Optional Named Parameter: +/// parameter will be disclosed with curly bracket { } +/// curly bracketed parameter are optional. +/// have to use parameter name to assign a value which separated with colan : +/// in curly bracketed parameter order does not matter +/// these type parameter help us to avoid confusion while passing value for a function which has many parameter. example32() { findVolume32(int length, int breath, {int height}) { print('length = $length, breath = $breath, height = $height'); @@ -529,23 +531,23 @@ example32() { findVolume32(10,20);//also valid } -// Optional Default Parameter: -// same like optional named parameter in addition we can assign default value for this parameter. -// which means no value is passed this default value will be taken. +/// Optional Default Parameter: +/// same like optional named parameter in addition we can assign default value for this parameter. +/// which means no value is passed this default value will be taken. example33() { findVolume33(int length, int breath, {int height=10}) { print('length = $length, breath = $breath, height = $height'); - } + } findVolume33(10,20,height:30);//valid - findVolume33(10,20);//valid + findVolume33(10,20);//valid } -// Programs have only one entry point in the main function. -// Nothing is expected to be executed on the outer scope before a program -// starts running with what's in its main function. -// This helps with faster loading and even lazily loading of just what -// the program needs to startup with. +/// Programs have only one entry point in the main function. +/// Nothing is expected to be executed on the outer scope before a program +/// starts running with what's in its main function. +/// This helps with faster loading and even lazily loading of just what +/// the program needs to startup with. main() { print("Learn Dart in 15 minutes!"); [example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, example6, example7, @@ -564,6 +566,3 @@ Dart has a comprehensive web-site. It covers API reference, tutorials, articles useful Try Dart online. [https://www.dartlang.org](https://www.dartlang.org) [https://try.dartlang.org](https://try.dartlang.org) - - -