diff --git a/perl6.html.markdown b/perl6.html.markdown
index 43327edb..0f015b45 100644
--- a/perl6.html.markdown
+++ b/perl6.html.markdown
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ say @array; #=> a 6 b
# except they get "flattened" (hash context), removing duplicated keys.
my %hash = 1 => 2,
3 => 4;
-my %hash = autoquoted => "key", # keys get auto-quoted
+my %hash = foo => "bar", # keys get auto-quoted
"some other" => "value", # trailing commas are okay
;
my %hash = ; # you can also create a hash
@@ -96,7 +96,6 @@ say %hash; # If it's a string, you can actually use <>
# (`{key1}` doesn't work, as Perl6 doesn't have barewords)
## * Subs (subroutines, or functions in most other languages).
-# Stored in variable, they use `&`.
sub say-hello { say "Hello, world" }
sub say-hello-to(Str $name) { # You can provide the type of an argument
@@ -107,8 +106,8 @@ sub say-hello-to(Str $name) { # You can provide the type of an argument
## It can also have optional arguments:
sub with-optional($arg?) { # the "?" marks the argument optional
- say "I might return `(Any)` if I don't have an argument passed,
- or I'll return my argument";
+ say "I might return `(Any)` (Perl's "null"-like value) if I don't have
+ an argument passed, or I'll return my argument";
$arg;
}
with-optional; # returns Any
@@ -125,7 +124,7 @@ hello-to('You'); #=> Hello, You !
## You can also, by using a syntax akin to the one of hashes (yay unified syntax !),
## pass *named* arguments to a `sub`.
-# They're optional, and will default to "Any" (Perl's "null"-like value).
+# They're optional, and will default to "Any".
sub with-named($normal-arg, :$named) {
say $normal-arg + $named;
}
@@ -162,7 +161,7 @@ named-def; #=> 5
named-def(def => 15); #=> 15
# Since you can omit parenthesis to call a function with no arguments,
-# you need "&" in the name to capture `say-hello`.
+# you need "&" in the name to store `say-hello` in a variable.
my &s = &say-hello;
my &other-s = sub { say "Anonymous function !" }
@@ -173,8 +172,8 @@ sub as-many($head, *@rest) { # `*@` (slurpy) will basically "take everything els
say @rest.join(' / ') ~ " !";
}
say as-many('Happy', 'Happy', 'Birthday'); #=> Happy / Birthday !
- # Note that the splat did not consume
- # the parameter before.
+ # Note that the splat (the *) did not
+ # consume the parameter before.
## You can call a function with an array using the
# "argument list flattening" operator `|`
@@ -380,7 +379,9 @@ say join(' ', @array[-> $n { 15..$n }]);
# You can use that in most places you'd expect, even assigning to an array
my @numbers = ^20;
-my @seq = 3, 9 ... * > 95; # 3 9 15 21 27 [...] 81 87 93 99
+
+# Here numbers increase by "6"; more on `...` operator later.
+my @seq = 3, 9 ... * > 95; # 3 9 15 21 27 [...] 81 87 93 99;
@numbers[5..*] = 3, 9 ... *; # even though the sequence is infinite,
# only the 15 needed values will be calculated.
say @numbers; #=> 0 1 2 3 4 3 9 15 21 [...] 81 87
@@ -525,7 +526,7 @@ map(sub ($a, $b) { $a + $b + 3 }, @array); # (here with `sub`)
# The constructs for declaring types are "class", "role",
# which you'll see later.
-# For now, let us examinate "subset":
+# For now, let us examine "subset":
# a "subset" is a "sub-type" with additional checks.
# For example: "a very big integer is an Int that's greater than 500"
# You can specify the type you're subtyping (by default, Any),
@@ -608,27 +609,26 @@ sub foo {
bar(); # call `bar` in-place
}
sub bar {
- say $*foo; # `$*a` will be looked in the call stack, and find `foo`'s,
+ say $*foo; # `$*foo` will be looked in the call stack, and find `foo`'s,
# even though the blocks aren't nested (they're call-nested).
#=> 1
}
### Object Model
-## Perl 6 has a quite comprehensive object model
# You declare a class with the keyword `class`, fields with `has`,
-# methods with `method`. Every field to private, and is named `$!attr`,
-# but you have `$.` to get a public (immutable) accessor along with it.
-# (using `$.` is like using `$!` plus a `method` with the same name)
+# methods with `method`. Every attribute that is private is named `$!attr`.
+# Immutable public attributes are named `$.attr`
+# (you can make them mutable with `is rw`)
-# (Perl 6's object model ("SixModel") is very flexible,
+# Perl 6's object model ("SixModel") is very flexible,
# and allows you to dynamically add methods, change semantics, etc ...
# (this will not be covered here, and you should refer to the Synopsis).
class A {
has $.field; # `$.field` is immutable.
# From inside the class, use `$!field` to modify it.
- has $.other-field is rw; # You can obviously mark a public field `rw`.
+ has $.other-field is rw; # You can mark a public attribute `rw`.
has Int $!private-field = 10;
method get-value {
@@ -656,7 +656,6 @@ $a.other-field = 10; # This, however, works, because the public field
# is mutable (`rw`).
## Perl 6 also has inheritance (along with multiple inheritance)
-# (though considered a misfeature by many)
class A {
has $.val;
@@ -751,7 +750,7 @@ fail "foo"; # We're not trying to access the value, so no problem.
try {
fail "foo";
CATCH {
- default { say "It threw because we try to get the fail's value!" }
+ default { say "It threw because we tried to get the fail's value!" }
}
}
@@ -763,7 +762,7 @@ try {
### Packages
# Packages are a way to reuse code. Packages are like "namespaces", and any
# element of the six model (`module`, `role`, `class`, `grammar`, `subset`
-# and `enum`) are actually packages. (Packages are the lowest common denomitor)
+# and `enum`) are actually packages. (Packages are the lowest common denominator)
# Packages are important - especially as Perl is well-known for CPAN,
# the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network.
# You usually don't use packages directly: you use `class Package::Name::Here;`,
@@ -773,7 +772,7 @@ module Hello::World { # Bracketed form
# that can be redeclared as something else later.
# ... declarations here ...
}
-module Parse::Text; # file-scoped form
+unit module Parse::Text; # file-scoped form
grammar Parse::Text::Grammar { # A grammar is a package, which you could `use`
}
@@ -797,10 +796,8 @@ my $actions = JSON::Tiny::Actions.new;
# You've already seen `my` and `has`, we'll now explore the others.
## * `our` (happens at `INIT` time -- see "Phasers" below)
-# Along with `my`, there are several others declarators you can use.
-# The first one you'll want for the previous part is `our`.
+# It's like `my`, but it also creates a package variable.
# (All packagish things (`class`, `role`, etc) are `our` by default)
-# it's like `my`, but it also creates a package variable:
module Foo::Bar {
our $n = 1; # note: you can't put a type constraint on an `our` variable
our sub inc {
@@ -829,7 +826,7 @@ constant why-not = 5, 15 ... *;
say why-not[^5]; #=> 5 15 25 35 45
## * `state` (happens at run time, but only once)
-# State variables are only executed one time
+# State variables are only initialized one time
# (they exist in other langages such as C as `static`)
sub fixed-rand {
state $val = rand;
@@ -862,7 +859,7 @@ for ^5 -> $a {
## * Compile-time phasers
BEGIN { say "[*] Runs at compile time, as soon as possible, only once" }
-CHECK { say "[*] Runs at compile time, instead as late as possible, only once" }
+CHECK { say "[*] Runs at compile time, as late as possible, only once" }
## * Run-time phasers
INIT { say "[*] Runs at run time, as soon as possible, only once" }
@@ -870,10 +867,13 @@ END { say "Runs at run time, as late as possible, only once" }
## * Block phasers
ENTER { say "[*] Runs everytime you enter a block, repeats on loop blocks" }
-LEAVE { say "Runs everytime you leave a block, even when an exception happened. Repeats on loop blocks." }
+LEAVE { say "Runs everytime you leave a block, even when an exception
+ happened. Repeats on loop blocks." }
-PRE { say "Asserts a precondition at every block entry, before ENTER (especially useful for loops)" }
-POST { say "Asserts a postcondition at every block exit, after LEAVE (especially useful for loops)" }
+PRE { say "Asserts a precondition at every block entry,
+ before ENTER (especially useful for loops)" }
+POST { say "Asserts a postcondition at every block exit,
+ after LEAVE (especially useful for loops)" }
## * Block/exceptions phasers
sub {
@@ -891,12 +891,12 @@ for ^5 {
## * Role/class phasers
COMPOSE { "When a role is composed into a class. /!\ NOT YET IMPLEMENTED" }
-# They allow for cute trick or clever code ...:
-say "This code took " ~ (time - CHECK time) ~ "s to run";
+# They allow for cute tricks or clever code ...:
+say "This code took " ~ (time - CHECK time) ~ "s to compile";
# ... or clever organization:
sub do-db-stuff {
- ENTER $db.start-transaction; # New transaction everytime we enter the sub
+ $db.start-transaction; # start a new transaction
KEEP $db.commit; # commit the transaction if all went well
UNDO $db.rollback; # or rollback if all hell broke loose
}
@@ -1020,7 +1020,7 @@ sub circumfix:<[ ]>(Int $n) {
$n ** $n
}
say [5]; #=> 3125
- # circumfix is around. Again, not whitespace.
+ # circumfix is around. Again, no whitespace.
sub postcircumfix:<{ }>(Str $s, Int $idx) {
# post-circumfix is
@@ -1052,9 +1052,9 @@ postcircumfix:<{ }>(%h, $key, :delete); # (you can call operators like that)
# Basically, they're operators that apply another operator.
## * Reduce meta-operator
-# It's a prefix meta-operator that takes a binary functions and
+# It's a prefix meta-operator that takes a binary function and
# one or many lists. If it doesn't get passed any argument,
-# it either return a "default value" for this operator
+# it either returns a "default value" for this operator
# (a meaningless value) or `Any` if there's none (examples below).
#
# Otherwise, it pops an element from the list(s) one at a time, and applies
@@ -1089,7 +1089,7 @@ say [[&add]] 1, 2, 3; #=> 6
# This one is an infix meta-operator than also can be used as a "normal" operator.
# It takes an optional binary function (by default, it just creates a pair),
# and will pop one value off of each array and call its binary function on these
-# until it runs out of elements. It runs the an array with all these new elements.
+# until it runs out of elements. It returns an array with all of these new elements.
(1, 2) Z (3, 4); # ((1, 3), (2, 4)), since by default, the function makes an array
1..3 Z+ 4..6; # (5, 7, 9), using the custom infix:<+> function
@@ -1109,8 +1109,7 @@ say [[&add]] 1, 2, 3; #=> 6
# (and might include a closure), and on the right, a value or the predicate
# that says when to stop (or Whatever for a lazy infinite list).
my @list = 1, 2, 3 ... 10; # basic deducing
-#my @list = 1, 3, 6 ... 10; # this throws you into an infinite loop,
- # because Perl 6 can't figure out the end
+#my @list = 1, 3, 6 ... 10; # this dies because Perl 6 can't figure out the end
my @list = 1, 2, 3 ...^ 10; # as with ranges, you can exclude the last element
# (the iteration when the predicate matches).
my @list = 1, 3, 9 ... * > 30; # you can use a predicate
@@ -1222,7 +1221,7 @@ so 'abbbbbbc' ~~ / a b ** 3..* c /; # `True` (infinite ranges are okay)
# they use a more perl6-ish syntax:
say 'fooa' ~~ / f <[ o a ]>+ /; #=> 'fooa'
# You can use ranges:
-say 'aeiou' ~~ / a <[ e..w ]> /; #=> 'aeiou'
+say 'aeiou' ~~ / a <[ e..w ]> /; #=> 'ae'
# Just like in normal regexes, if you want to use a special character, escape it
# (the last one is escaping a space)
say 'he-he !' ~~ / 'he-' <[ a..z \! \ ]> + /; #=> 'he-he !'
@@ -1244,7 +1243,7 @@ so 'foo!' ~~ / <-[ a..z ] + [ f o ]> + /; # True (the + doesn't replace the left
so 'abc' ~~ / a [ b ] c /; # `True`. The grouping does pretty much nothing
so 'fooABCABCbar' ~~ / foo [ A B C ] + bar /;
# The previous line returns `True`.
-# We match the "abc" 1 or more time (the `+` was applied to the group).
+# We match the "ABC" 1 or more time (the `+` was applied to the group).
# But this does not go far enough, because we can't actually get back what
# we matched.
@@ -1287,10 +1286,12 @@ say $/[0][0].Str; #=> ~
# This stems from a very simple fact: `$/` does not contain strings, integers or arrays,
# it only contains match objects. These contain the `.list`, `.hash` and `.Str` methods.
-# (but you can also just use `match` for hash access and `match[idx]` for array access)
+# (but you can also just use `match` for hash access
+# and `match[idx]` for array access)
say $/[0].list.perl; #=> (Match.new(...),).list
- # We can see it's a list of Match objects. Those contain a bunch of infos:
- # where the match started/ended, the "ast" (see actions later), etc.
+ # We can see it's a list of Match objects. Those contain
+ # a bunch of infos: where the match started/ended,
+ # the "ast" (see actions later), etc.
# You'll see named capture below with grammars.
## Alternatives - the `or` of regexps
@@ -1328,7 +1329,7 @@ so 'ayc' ~~ / a [ b | y ] c /; # `True`. Obviously enough ...
### Extra: the MAIN subroutime
# The `MAIN` subroutine is called when you run a Perl 6 file directly.
-# It's very powerful, because Perl 6 actually parses the argument
+# It's very powerful, because Perl 6 actually parses the arguments
# and pass them as such to the sub. It also handles named argument (`--foo`)
# and will even go as far as to autogenerate a `--help`
sub MAIN($name) { say "Hello, $name !" }
@@ -1346,7 +1347,7 @@ multi MAIN('add', $key, $value, Bool :$replace) { ... }
multi MAIN('remove', $key) { ... }
multi MAIN('import', File, Str :$as) { ... } # omitting parameter name
# This produces:
-# $ perl 6 cli.pl
+# $ perl6 cli.pl
# Usage:
# t.pl [--replace] add
# t.pl remove