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Boris Verkhovskiy 2024-04-20 08:05:16 -07:00
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@ -7,11 +7,9 @@ contributors:
[Zig][ziglang] aims to be a replacement for the C programming language. [Zig][ziglang] aims to be a replacement for the C programming language.
**WARNING**: this document expects you to understand a few basic concepts in computer science, such as pointers, stack and heap memory, etc. **WARNING**: this document expects you to understand a few basic concepts in computer
science, such as pointers, stack and heap memory, etc. Prior knowledge of C is
**WARNING**: Zig isn't considered as ready for production. Bugs are expected. recommended.
Prior knowledge of C is recommended.
## Quick overview: Zig compared to C ## Quick overview: Zig compared to C
@ -20,8 +18,8 @@ Prior knowledge of C is recommended.
- `try` and `catch` mechanism, which is both convenient, efficient and optional. - `try` and `catch` mechanism, which is both convenient, efficient and optional.
- Most of the C undefined behaviors (UBs) are fixed. - Most of the C undefined behaviors (UBs) are fixed.
- Compared to C, raw pointers are safer to use and less likely to be needed. - Compared to C, raw pointers are safer to use and less likely to be needed.
* The type system distinguishes between a pointer to a single value, or multiple values, etc. - The type system distinguishes between a pointer to a single value, or multiple values, etc.
* Slices are preferred, which is a structure with a pointer and a runtime known size, which characterizes most uses of pointers in the first place. - Slices are preferred, which is a structure with a pointer and a runtime known size, which characterizes most uses of pointers in the first place.
- Some arbitrary language limitations are removed. For example, enumerations, structures and unions can have functions. - Some arbitrary language limitations are removed. For example, enumerations, structures and unions can have functions.
- Simple access to SIMD operations (basic maths on vectors). - Simple access to SIMD operations (basic maths on vectors).
- Zig provides both low-level features of C and the one provided through compiler extensions. - Zig provides both low-level features of C and the one provided through compiler extensions.
@ -218,7 +216,7 @@ if (pointer.* == 1) {
const foo = pointer.?; // Get the pointed value, otherwise crash. const foo = pointer.?; // Get the pointed value, otherwise crash.
``` ```
### Optional values (?<type>). ### Optional values (?\<type\>).
```zig ```zig
// An optional is a value than can be of any type or null. // An optional is a value than can be of any type or null.
@ -694,6 +692,7 @@ Thus, the standard library lets developers handle memory as they need, through s
**NOTE**: the choice of the allocator isn't in the scope of this document. **NOTE**: the choice of the allocator isn't in the scope of this document.
A whole book could be written about it. A whole book could be written about it.
However, here are some examples, to get an idea of what you can expect: However, here are some examples, to get an idea of what you can expect:
- `page_allocator`. - `page_allocator`.
Allocate a whole page of memory each time we ask for some memory. Allocate a whole page of memory each time we ask for some memory.
Very simple, very dumb, very wasteful. Very simple, very dumb, very wasteful.
@ -924,8 +923,10 @@ test "returns true" {
``` ```
### Compiler built-ins. ### Compiler built-ins.
The compiler has special functions called "built-ins", starting with an "@". The compiler has special functions called "built-ins", starting with an "@".
There are more than a hundred built-ins, allowing very low-level stuff: There are more than a hundred built-ins, allowing very low-level stuff:
- compile-time errors, logging, verifications - compile-time errors, logging, verifications
- type coercion and conversion, even in an unsafe way - type coercion and conversion, even in an unsafe way
- alignment management - alignment management
@ -968,7 +969,6 @@ if (@enumToInt(Value.blah) == 2) { ... }
Example: is this a single value or an array, is the length known, etc. Example: is this a single value or an array, is the length known, etc.
- Structures need a value for their attributes, and it is still possible to give an undefined value (stack garbage), but at least it is explicitly undefined. - Structures need a value for their attributes, and it is still possible to give an undefined value (stack garbage), but at least it is explicitly undefined.
## Further Reading ## Further Reading
For a start, some concepts are presented on [zig.guide][zigguide]. For a start, some concepts are presented on [zig.guide][zigguide].