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Fixes and updates
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JasonJAyalaP
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
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---
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language: nim
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language: Nim
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filename: learnNim.nim
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contributors:
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- ["Jason J. Ayala P.", "http://JasonAyala.com"]
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@ -14,20 +14,12 @@ Nim is efficient, expressive, and elegant.
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```nimrod
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var x: int # Declare a variable and its type
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x = 1 # Assign it a value
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var z = "Yep" # Declare and assign, with or without type annotations
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var # Several, with or without type annotations
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letter: char = 'n' # One byte character
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lang = "Nimrod" # string
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truth: bool = false # Common boolean operators: `and` `not` `or`
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seconds: int = 42
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thoughts = """
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A great programming language
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that everyone can enjoy!
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""" # Multiline raw strings
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var # Declare and assign several variables,
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letter: char = 'n' # with or without type annotations
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lang = "Nimrod"
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boat: float
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truth: bool = false
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seconds: int = 42
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let # Use let to declare and bind an variable *once*.
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legs = 400 # legs is immutable.
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@ -46,19 +38,20 @@ discard 1 > 2 # The compiler will complain if the result of an expression
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# is unused. `discard` bypasses this.
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discard """
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This can work as a
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multiline comment
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This can work as a multiline comment.
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Or for unparsable, broken code
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"""
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#
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# Common Operations on Basic Types
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#
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# Strings
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let
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phrase = "Nim is a progamming language"
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phrase = "Nim is a"
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nim = phrase[0..5]
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# TODO More common operations?
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fullPhrase = phrase & "programming language."
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length = len(fullPhrase) # Or: fullPhrase.len
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#
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# Data Structures
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@ -90,7 +83,7 @@ drinks = @["Water", "Juice", "Chocolate"] # @[V1,..,Vn] is the sequence literal
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type
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Name = string # A type alias gives you a new type that is interchangable
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Age = int # with the old type but is more descriptive.
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Age = int # with the old type but is more descriptive.
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Person = tuple[name: Name, age: Age] # Define data structures too.
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LongTuple = tuple
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fieldOne: string
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@ -103,11 +96,11 @@ var
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john.age = newage # But still works because int and Age are synonyms
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type
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Cash = distinct int # `distinct` makes a new type incompatible with it's
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Cash = distinct int # `distinct` makes a new type incompatible with its
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Desc = distinct string # base type.
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var
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money: Cash = 100.Cash # `.Cash` converts the int to our type
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money: Cash = 100.Cash # `.Cash` converts the int to our type
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description: Desc = "Interesting".Desc
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when compileBadCode:
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@ -121,7 +114,7 @@ when compileBadCode:
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# Enumerations allow a type to be one of a limited number of values
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type
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Color = enum cRed, cBlue, cGreen
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Color = enum cRed, cBlue, cGreen
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Direction = enum # Alternative formating
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dNorth
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dWest
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@ -129,7 +122,7 @@ type
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dSouth
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var
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orient = dNorth # `orient` is of type Direction, with the value `dNorth`
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pixel = cGreen # `pixel` is of type Color, with the value `cGreen`
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pixel = cGreen # `pixel` is of type Color, with the value `cGreen`
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discard dNorth > dEast # Enums are usually an "ordinal" type
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@ -166,7 +159,9 @@ counter[my_roll] += 1
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var anotherArray = ["Default index", "starts at", "0"]
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# TODO common operations
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# More data structures are available, including tables, sets, lists, queues,
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# and crit bit trees.
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# http://nimrod-lang.org/lib.html#collections-and-algorithms
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#
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# IO and Control Flow
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@ -183,26 +178,24 @@ of "yes", "Yes":
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else:
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echo "That's great; I assume."
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# `while`, `if`, `continue`, `break`
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# `while`, `if`, `break`
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import strutils as str
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import strutils as str # http://nimrod-lang.org/strutils.html
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echo "I'm thinking of a number between 41 and 43. Guess which!"
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let number: int = 42
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var
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number: int = 42
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raw_guess: string
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guess: int
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while guess != number:
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raw_guess = readLine(stdin)
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if raw_guess == "":
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continue # `continue` restarts loop/block
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guess = str.parseInt(raw_guess)
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if guess == 1001:
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echo("AAAAAAGGG!")
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break
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elif guess > number:
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echo("Too high.")
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echo("Nope. Too high.")
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elif guess < number:
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echo("Too low")
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echo(guess, " is too low")
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else:
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echo("Yeeeeeehaw!")
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@ -210,23 +203,25 @@ while guess != number:
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# Iteration
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#
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# Iterate with the `for` keyword
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# TODO `for` examples for strings, arrays, etc
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for i, elem in ["Yes", "No", "Maybe so"]: # Or just `for elem in`
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echo(elem, " is at index: ", i)
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for elem in ["Yes", "No", "Maybe so"]:
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echo elem
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# string iterators
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for k, v in items(@[(person: "You", power: 100), (person: "Me", power: 9000)]):
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echo v
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let myString = """
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an example
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string to
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an <example>
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`string` to
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play with
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"""
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""" # Multiline raw string
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for line in splitLines(myString):
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echo(line)
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for i, c in myString: # Index and letter. Or `for j in` for just letter
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if i mod 2 == 0: continue # Compact `if` form
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elif c == 'X': break
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else: echo(c)
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#
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# Procedures
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#
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@ -244,8 +239,9 @@ proc ask(question: string): Answer =
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else: echo("Please be clear: yes or no")
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proc addSugar(amount: int = 2) = # Default amount is 2, returns nothing
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assert(amount > 0 or amount < 9000, "Crazy Sugar")
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for a in 1..amount:
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echo a, " sugar..."
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echo(a, " sugar...")
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case ask("Would you like sugar in your tea?")
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of aYes:
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@ -255,8 +251,25 @@ of aNo:
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addSugar()
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# No need for an `else` here. only `yes` and `no` are possible.
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proc pluralize(a: int): string =
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if a > 1 or a == 0: return "s"
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else: return ""
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#
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# FFI
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#
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# Because Nim compiles to C, FFI is easy:
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proc strcmp(a, b: cstring): cint {.importc: "strcmp", nodecl.}
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var cmp = strcmp("C?", "Easy!")
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```
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Additionally, Nim separates itself from its peers with metaprogramming,
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performance, and compile-time features.
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## Further Reading
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* [Home Page](http://nimrod-lang.org)
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@ -266,3 +279,4 @@ of aNo:
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* [Documentation](http://nimrod-lang.org/documentation.html)
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* [Manual](http://nimrod-lang.org/manual.html)
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* [Standard Libray](http://nimrod-lang.org/lib.html)
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* [Rosetta Code](http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Category:Nimrod)
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