mirror of
https://github.com/adambard/learnxinyminutes-docs.git
synced 2024-12-23 17:41:41 +00:00
673 lines
21 KiB
Markdown
673 lines
21 KiB
Markdown
---
|
|
language: Vimscript
|
|
filename: learnvimscript.md
|
|
contributors:
|
|
- ["HiPhish", "http://hiphish.github.io/"]
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
## Introduction
|
|
|
|
Vim script (also called VimL) is the subset of Vim's ex-commands which supplies
|
|
a number of features one one would expect from a scripting language, such as
|
|
values, variables, functions or loops. Always keep in the back of your mind
|
|
that a Vim script file is just a sequence of ex-commands. It is very common for
|
|
a script to mix programming-language features and raw ex-commands.
|
|
|
|
You can run Vim script directly by entering the commands in command-mode (press
|
|
`:` to enter command-mode), or you can write them to a file (without the
|
|
leading `:`) and source it in a running Vim instance (`:source path/to/file`).
|
|
Some files are sourced automatically as part of your configuration (see `:h
|
|
startup`). This guide assumes that you are familiar with ex-commands and will
|
|
only cover the scripting. Help topics to the relevant manual sections are
|
|
included.
|
|
|
|
See `:h usr_41.txt` for the official introduction to Vim script. A comment is
|
|
anything following an unmatched `"` until the end of the line, and `|`
|
|
separates instructions (what `;` does in most other languages).
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
" This is a comment
|
|
|
|
" The vertical line '|' (pipe) separates commands
|
|
echo 'Hello' | echo 'world!'
|
|
|
|
" Putting a comment after a command usually works
|
|
pwd " Displays the current working directory
|
|
|
|
" Except for some commands it does not; use the command delemiter before the
|
|
" comment (echo assumes that the quotation mark begins a string)
|
|
echo 'Hello world!' |" Displays a message
|
|
|
|
" Line breaks can be escaped by pacing a backslash as the first non-whitespace
|
|
" character on the *following* line. Only works in script files, not on the
|
|
" command line
|
|
echo " Hello
|
|
\ world "
|
|
|
|
echo [1,
|
|
\ 2]
|
|
|
|
echo {
|
|
\ 'a': 1,
|
|
\ 'b': 2
|
|
\}
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Types
|
|
|
|
For an overview of types see `:h E712`. For an overview of operators see
|
|
`:h expression-syntax`
|
|
|
|
### Numbers
|
|
See `:h expr-number`
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
echo 123 |" Decimal
|
|
echo 0b1111011 |" Binary
|
|
echo 0173 |" Octal
|
|
echo 0x7B |" Hexadecimal
|
|
echo 123.0 |" Floating-point
|
|
echo 1.23e2 |" Floating-point (scientific notation)
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Note that an *integer* number with a leading `0` is in octal notation. The
|
|
usual arithmetic operations are supported.
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
echo 1 + 2 |" Addition
|
|
echo 1 - 2 |" Subtraction
|
|
echo - 1 |" Negation (unary minus)
|
|
echo + 1 |" Unary plus (does nothing really, but still legal)
|
|
echo 1 * 2 |" Multiplication
|
|
echo 1 / 2 |" Division
|
|
echo 1 % 2 |" Modulo (remainder)
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Booleans
|
|
See `:h Boolean`
|
|
|
|
The number 0 is false, every other number is true. Strings are implicitly
|
|
converted to numbers (see below). There are two pre-defined semantic constants.
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
echo v:true |" Evaluates to 1 or the string 'v:true'
|
|
echo v:false |" Evaluates to 0 or the string 'v:false'
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Boolean values can result from comparison of two objects.
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
echo x == y |" Equality by value
|
|
echo x != y |" Unequality
|
|
echo x > y |" Greater than
|
|
echo x >= y |" Greater than or equal
|
|
echo x < y |" Smaller than
|
|
echo x <= y |" Smaller than or equal
|
|
echo x is y |" Instance identity (lists and dictionaries)
|
|
echo x isnot y |" Instance non-identity (lists and dictionaries)
|
|
|
|
" Strings are compared based on their alphanumerical ordering
|
|
" echo 'a' < 'b'. Case sensitivity depends on the setting of 'ignorecase'
|
|
|
|
" Explicit case-sensitivity is specified by appending '#' (match case) or '?'
|
|
" (ignore case) to the operator. Prefer explicity case sensitivity when writing
|
|
" portable scripts.
|
|
|
|
echo 'a' < 'B' | " True or false depending on 'ignorecase'
|
|
echo 'a' <? 'B' | " True
|
|
echo 'a' <# 'B' | " False
|
|
|
|
" Regular expression matching
|
|
echo "hi" =~ "hello" |" Regular expression match, uses 'ignorecase'
|
|
echo "hi" =~# "hello" |" Regular expression match, case sensitive
|
|
echo "hi" =~? "hello" |" Regular expression match, case insensitive
|
|
echo "hi" !~ "hello" |" Regular expression unmatch, use 'ignorecase'
|
|
echo "hi" !~# "hello" |" Regular expression unmatch, case sensitive
|
|
echo "hi" !~? "hello" |" Regular expression unmatch, case insensitive
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Boolean operations are possible.
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
echo v:true && v:false |" Logical AND
|
|
echo v:true || v:false |" Logical OR
|
|
echo ! v:true |" Logical NOT
|
|
echo v:true ? 'yes' : 'no' |" Ternary operator
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Strings
|
|
See `:h String`
|
|
|
|
An ordered zero-indexed sequence of bytes. The encoding of text into bytes
|
|
depends on the option `:h 'encoding'`.
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
" Literal constructors
|
|
echo "Hello world\n" |" The last two characters stand for newline
|
|
echo 'Hello world\n' |" The last two characters are literal
|
|
echo 'Let''s go!' |" Two single quotes become one quote character
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Single-quote strings take all characters are literal, except two single quotes,
|
|
which are taken to be a single quote in the string itself. See `:h expr-quote`
|
|
for all possible escape sequences.
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
" String concatenation
|
|
" The .. operator is preferred, but only supported in since Vim 8.1.1114
|
|
echo 'Hello ' . 'world' |" String concatenation
|
|
echo 'Hello ' .. 'world' |" String concatenation (new variant)
|
|
|
|
" String indexing
|
|
echo 'Hello'[0] |" First byte
|
|
echo 'Hello'[1] |" Second byte
|
|
echo 'Hellö'[4] |" Returns a byte, not the character 'ö'
|
|
|
|
" Substrings (second index is inclusive)
|
|
echo 'Hello'[:] |" Copy of entire string
|
|
echo 'Hello'[1:3] |" Substring, second to fourth byte
|
|
echo 'Hello'[1:-2] |" Substring until second to last byte
|
|
echo 'Hello'[1:] |" Substring with starting index
|
|
echo 'Hello'[:2] |" Substring with ending index
|
|
echo 'Hello'[-2:] |" Substring relative to end of string
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
A negative index is relative to the end of the string. See `:h
|
|
string-functions` for all string-related functions.
|
|
|
|
### Lists
|
|
See `:h List`
|
|
|
|
An ordered zero-indexed heterogeneous sequence of arbitrary Vim script objects.
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
" Literal constructor
|
|
echo [] |" Empty list
|
|
echo [1, 2, 'Hello'] |" List with elements
|
|
echo [1, 2, 'Hello', ] |" Trailing comma permitted
|
|
echo [[1, 2], 'Hello'] |" Lists can be nested arbitrarily
|
|
|
|
" List concatenation
|
|
echo [1, 2] + [3, 4] |" Creates a new list
|
|
|
|
" List indexing, negative is relative to end of list (:h list-index)
|
|
echo [1, 2, 3, 4][2] |" Third element
|
|
echo [1, 2, 3, 4][-1] |" Last element
|
|
|
|
" List slicing (:h sublist)
|
|
echo [1, 2, 3, 4][:] |" Shallow copy of entire list
|
|
echo [1, 2, 3, 4][:2] |" Sublist until third item (inclusive)
|
|
echo [1, 2, 3, 4][2:] |" Sublist from third item (inclusive)
|
|
echo [1, 2, 3, 4][:-2] |" Sublist until second-to-last item (inclusive)
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
All slicing operations create new lists. To modify a list in-place use list
|
|
functions (`:h list-functions`) or assign directly to an item (see below about
|
|
variables).
|
|
|
|
### Dictionaries
|
|
See `:h Dictionary`
|
|
|
|
An unordered sequence of key-value pairs, keys are always strings (numbers are
|
|
implicitly converted to strings).
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
" Dictionary literal
|
|
echo {} |" Empty dictionary
|
|
echo {'a': 1, 'b': 2} |" Dictionary literal
|
|
echo {'a': 1, 'b': 2, } |" Trailing comma permitted
|
|
echo {'x': {'a': 1, 'b': 2}} |" Nested dictionary
|
|
|
|
" Indexing a dictionary
|
|
echo {'a': 1, 'b': 2}['a'] |" Literal index
|
|
echo {'a': 1, 'b': 2}.a |" Syntactic sugar for simple keys
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
See `:h dict-functions` for dictionary manipulation functions.
|
|
|
|
### Funcref
|
|
See `:h Funcref`
|
|
|
|
Reference to a function, uses the function name as a string for construction.
|
|
When stored in a variable the name of the variable has the same restrictions
|
|
as a function name (see below).
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
echo function('type') |" Reference to function type()
|
|
echo funcref('type') |" Reference by identity, not name
|
|
echo {x -> x * x} |" Anonymous function
|
|
echo function('substitute', ['hello']) |" Partial function
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
A lambda (`:h lambda`) is an anonymous function; it can only contain one
|
|
expression in its body, which is also its implicit return value.
|
|
|
|
### Regular expression
|
|
See `:h regular-expression`
|
|
|
|
A regular expression pattern is generally a string, but in some cases you can
|
|
also use a regular expression between a pair of delimiters (usually `/`, but
|
|
you can choose anything).
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
" Substitute 'hello' for 'Hello'
|
|
substitute/hello/Hello/
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Implicit type conversions
|
|
|
|
Strings are converted to numbers, and numbers to strings when necessary. A
|
|
number becomes its decimal notation as a string. A string becomes its numerical
|
|
value if it can be parsed to a number, otherwise it becomes zero.
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
echo "1" + 1 |" Number
|
|
echo "1" .. 1 |" String
|
|
echo "0xA" + 1 |" Number
|
|
|
|
" Strings are treated like numbers when used as booleans
|
|
echo "true" ? 1 : 0 |" This string is parsed to 0, which is false
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Variables
|
|
|
|
Variables are bound within a scope; if no scope is provided a default is chosen
|
|
by Vim. Use `:let` and `:const` to bind a value and `:unlet` to unbind it.
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
let b:my_var = 1 |" Local to current buffer
|
|
let w:my_var = 1 |" Local to current window
|
|
let t:my_var = 1 |" Local to current tab page
|
|
let g:my_var = 1 |" Global variable
|
|
let l:my_var = 1 |" Local to current function (see functions below)
|
|
let s:my_var = 1 |" Local to current script file
|
|
let a:my_arg = 1 |" Function argument (see functions below)
|
|
|
|
" The Vim scope is read-only
|
|
echo v:true |" Special built-in Vim variables (:h v:var)
|
|
|
|
" Access special Vim memory like variables
|
|
let @a = 'Hello' |" Register
|
|
let $PATH='' |" Environment variable
|
|
let &textwidth = 79 |" Option
|
|
let &l:textwidth = 79 |" Local option
|
|
let &g:textwidth = 79 |" Global option
|
|
|
|
" Access scopes as dictionaries (can be modified like all dictionaries)
|
|
" See the :h dict-functions, especially get(), for access and manipulation
|
|
echo b: |" All buffer variables
|
|
echo w: |" All window variables
|
|
echo t: |" All tab page variables
|
|
echo g: |" All global variables
|
|
echo l: |" All local variables
|
|
echo s: |" All script variables
|
|
echo a: |" All function arguments
|
|
echo v: |" All Vim variables
|
|
|
|
" Constant variables
|
|
const x = 10 |" See :h :const, :h :lockvar
|
|
|
|
" Function reference variables have the same restrictions as function names
|
|
let IsString = {x -> type(x) == type('')} |" Global: capital letter
|
|
let s:isNumber = {x -> type(x) == type(0)} |" Local: any name allowed
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
When omitted the scope `g:` is implied, except in functions, there `l:` is
|
|
implied.
|
|
|
|
### Multiple value binding (list unpacking)
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
" Assign values of list to multiple variables (number of items must match)
|
|
let [x, y] = [1, 2]
|
|
|
|
" Assign the remainer to a rest variable (note the semicolon)
|
|
let [mother, father; children] = ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Carol', 'Dennis', 'Emily']
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Flow control
|
|
|
|
### Conditional
|
|
|
|
Conditions are set between `if` and `endif`. They can be nested.
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
if condition
|
|
echo 'First condition'
|
|
elseif another_condition
|
|
echo 'Second condition'
|
|
else
|
|
echo 'Fail'
|
|
endif
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Loops
|
|
|
|
Two types of loops: `:for` and `:while`. Use `:continue` to skip to the next
|
|
iteration, `:break` to break out of the loop.
|
|
|
|
#### For-loop
|
|
|
|
For-loops iterate over lists and nothing else. If you want to iterate over
|
|
another sequence you need to use a function which will create a list.
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
" Iterate over a list
|
|
for person in ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Carol', 'Dennis', 'Emily']
|
|
echo 'Hello ' .. person
|
|
endfor
|
|
|
|
" Iterate over a nested list by unpacking it
|
|
for [x, y] in [[1, 0], [0, 1], [-1, 0], [0, -1]]
|
|
echo 'Position: x =' .. x .. ', y = ' .. y
|
|
endfor
|
|
|
|
" Iterate over a range of numbers
|
|
for i in range(10, 0, -1) " Count down from 10
|
|
echo 'T minus' .. i
|
|
endfor
|
|
|
|
" Iterate over the keys of a dictionary
|
|
for symbol in keys({'π': 3.14, 'e': 2.71})
|
|
echo 'The constant ' .. symbol .. ' is a transcendent number'
|
|
endfor
|
|
|
|
" Iterate over the values of a dictionary
|
|
for value in values({'π': 3.14, 'e': 2.71})
|
|
echo 'The value ' .. value .. ' approximates a transcendent number'
|
|
endfor
|
|
|
|
" Iterate over the keys and values of a dictionary
|
|
for [symbol, value] in items({'π': 3.14, 'e': 2.71})
|
|
echo 'The number ' .. symbol .. ' is approximately ' .. value
|
|
endfor
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
#### While-loops
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
while !there_yet
|
|
echo 'Are we there yet?'
|
|
endwhile
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Exception handling
|
|
See `:h exception-handling`
|
|
|
|
Throw new exceptions as strings, catch them by pattern-matching a regular
|
|
expression against the string
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
" Throw new exception
|
|
throw "Wrong arguments"
|
|
|
|
" Guard against an exception (the second catch matches any exception)
|
|
try
|
|
source path/to/file
|
|
catch /Cannot open/
|
|
echo 'Looks like that file does not exist'
|
|
catch /.*/
|
|
echo 'Something went wrong, but I don't know what'
|
|
finally
|
|
echo 'I'm done trying'
|
|
endtry
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Functions
|
|
|
|
### Defining functions
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
" Unscoped function names have to start with a capital letter
|
|
function! AddNumbersLoudly(x, y)
|
|
" Use a: scope to access arguments
|
|
echo 'Adding' .. a:x .. 'and' .. a:y |" A side effect
|
|
return a:x + a:y |" A return value
|
|
endfunction
|
|
|
|
" Scoped function names may start with a lower-case letter
|
|
function! s:addNumbersLoudly(x, y)
|
|
echo 'Adding' .. a:x .. 'and' .. a:y
|
|
return a:x + a:y
|
|
endfunction
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Without the exclamation mark it would be an error to re-define a function, with
|
|
the exclamation mark the new definition can replace the old one. Since Vim
|
|
script files can be reloaded several times over the course of a session it is
|
|
best to use the exclamation mark unless you really know what you are doing.
|
|
|
|
Function definitions can have special qualifiers following the argument list.
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
" Range functions define two implicit arguments, which will be set to the range
|
|
" of the ex-command
|
|
function! FirstAndLastLine() range
|
|
echo [a:firstline, a:lastline]
|
|
endfunction
|
|
|
|
" Prints the first and last line that match a pattern (:h cmdline-ranges)
|
|
/^#!/,/!#$/call FirstAndLastLine()
|
|
|
|
|
|
" Aborting functions, abort once error occurs (:h :func-abort)
|
|
function! SourceMyFile() abort
|
|
source my-file.vim |" Try sourcing non-existing file
|
|
echo 'This will never be printed'
|
|
endfunction
|
|
|
|
" Closures, functions carrying values from outer scope (:h :func-closure)
|
|
function! MakeAdder(x)
|
|
function! Adder(n) closure
|
|
return a:n + a:x
|
|
endfunction
|
|
return funcref('Adder')
|
|
endfunction
|
|
let AddFive = MakeAdder(5)
|
|
echo AddFive(3) |" Prints 8
|
|
|
|
" Dictionary functions, poor man's OOP methods (:h Dictionary-function)
|
|
function! Mylen() dict
|
|
return len(self.data) |" Implicit variable self
|
|
endfunction
|
|
let mydict = {'data': [0, 1, 2, 3], 'len': function("Mylen")}
|
|
echo mydict.len()
|
|
|
|
" Alternatively, more concise
|
|
let mydict = {'data': [0, 1, 2, 3]}
|
|
function! mydict.len()
|
|
return len(self.data)
|
|
endfunction
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Calling functions
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
" Call a function for its return value, and possibly for its side effects
|
|
let animals = keys({'cow': 'moo', 'dog': 'woof', 'cat': 'meow'})
|
|
|
|
" Call a function for its side effects only, ignore potential result
|
|
call sign_undefine()
|
|
|
|
" The call() function calls a function reference and passes parameters as a
|
|
" list, and returns the function's result.
|
|
echo call(function('get'), [{'a': 1, 'b': 2}, 'c', 3]) |" Prints 3
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Recall that Vim script is embedded within the ex-commands, that is why we
|
|
cannot just call a function directly, we have to use the `:call` ex-command.
|
|
|
|
### Function namespaces
|
|
|
|
See `:h write-library-script`, `:h autoload`
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
" Must be defined in autoload/foo/bar.vim
|
|
" Namspaced function names do not have to start with a capital letter
|
|
function! foo#bar#log(value)
|
|
echomsg value
|
|
endfunction
|
|
|
|
call foo#bar#log('Hello')
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Frequently used ex-commands
|
|
|
|
### Sourcing runtime files
|
|
|
|
See `:h 'runtimepath'`
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
" Source first match among runtime paths
|
|
runtime plugin/my-plugin.vim
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Defining new ex-commands
|
|
See `:h 40.2`, `:h :command`
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
" First argument here is the name of the command, rest is the command body
|
|
command! SwapAdjacentLines normal! ddp
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
The exclamation mark works the same as with `:function`. User-defined commands
|
|
must start with a capital letter. The `:command` command can take a number of
|
|
attributes (some of which have their own parameters with `=`), such as
|
|
`-nargs`, all of them start with a dash to set them apart from the command
|
|
name.
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
:command -nargs=1 Error echoerr <args>
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Defining auto-commands
|
|
See `:h 40.3`, `:h autocmd`, `:h autocommand-events`
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
" The arguments are "events", "patterns", rest is "commands"
|
|
autocmd BufWritePost $MYVIMRC source $MYVIMRC
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Events and patterns are separated by commas with no space between. See `:h
|
|
autocmd-events` for standard events, `:h User` for custom events. Everything
|
|
else are the ex-commands which will be executed.
|
|
|
|
#### Auto groups
|
|
|
|
When a file is sourced multiple times the auto-commands are defined anew,
|
|
without deleting the old ones, causing auto-commands to pile up over time. Use
|
|
auto-groups and the following ritual to guard against this.
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
augroup auto-source |" The name of the group is arbitrary
|
|
autocmd! |" Deletes all auto-commands in the current group
|
|
autocmd BufWritePost $MYVIMRC source $MYVIMRC
|
|
augroup END |" Switch back to default auto-group
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
It is also possible to assign a group directly. This is useful if the
|
|
definition of the group is in one script and the definition of the auto-command
|
|
is in another script.
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
" In one file
|
|
augroup auto-source
|
|
autocmd!
|
|
augroup END
|
|
|
|
" In another file
|
|
autocmd auto-source BufWritePost $MYVIMRC source $MYVIMRC
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Executing (run-time macros of sorts)
|
|
|
|
Sometimes we need to construct an ex-command where part of the command is not
|
|
known until runtime.
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
let line = 3 |" Line number determined at runtime
|
|
execute line .. 'delete' |" Delete a line
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Executing normal-mode commands
|
|
|
|
Use `:normal` to play back a sequence of normal mode commands from the
|
|
command-line. Add an exclamation mark to ignore user mappings.
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
normal! ggddGp |" Transplant first line to end of buffer
|
|
|
|
" Window commands can be used with :normal, or with :wincmd if :normal would
|
|
" not work
|
|
wincmd L |" Move current window all the way to the right
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Frequently used functions
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
" Feature check
|
|
echo has('nvim') |" Running Neovim
|
|
echo has('python3') |" Support for Python 3 plugins
|
|
echo has('unix') |" Running on a Unix system
|
|
echo has('win32') |" Running on a Windows system
|
|
|
|
|
|
" Test if something exists
|
|
echo exists('&mouse') |" Option (exists only)
|
|
echo exists('+mouse') |" Option (exists and works)
|
|
echo exists('$HOSTNAME') |" Environment variable
|
|
echo exists('*strftime') |" Built-in function
|
|
echo exists('**s:MyFunc') |" User-defined function
|
|
echo exists('bufcount') |" Variable (scope optional)
|
|
echo exists('my_dict["foo"]') |" Variable (dictionary entry)
|
|
echo exists('my_dict["foo"]') |" Variable (dictionary entry)
|
|
echo exists(':Make') |" Command
|
|
echo exists("#CursorHold") |" Auto-command defined for event
|
|
echo exists("#BufReadPre#*.gz") |" Event and pattern
|
|
echo exists("#filetypeindent") |" Auto-command group
|
|
echo exists("##ColorScheme") |" Auto-commnand supported for event
|
|
|
|
" Various dynamic values (see :h expand())
|
|
echo expand('%') |" Current file name
|
|
echo expand('<cword>') |" Current word under cursor
|
|
echo expand('%:p') |" Modifier are possible
|
|
|
|
" Type tests
|
|
echo type(my_var) == type(0) |" Number
|
|
echo type(my_var) == type('') |" String
|
|
echo type(my_var) == type([]) |" List
|
|
echo type(my_var) == type({}) |" Dictionary
|
|
echo type(my_var) == type(function('type')) |" Funcref
|
|
|
|
" Format strings
|
|
echo printf('%d in hexadecimal is %X', 123, 123)
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Tricks of the trade
|
|
|
|
### Source guard
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
" Prevent a file from being source multiple times; users can set the variable
|
|
" in their configuration to prevent the plugin from loading at all.
|
|
if exists('g:loaded_my_plugin')
|
|
finish
|
|
endif
|
|
let g:loaded_my_plugin = v:true
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Default values
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
" Get a default value: if the user defines a variable use it, otherwise use a
|
|
" hard-coded default. Uses the fact that a scope is also a dictionary.
|
|
let s:greeting = get(g:, 'my_plugin_greeting', 'Hello')
|
|
```
|