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241 lines
6.4 KiB
HTML
241 lines
6.4 KiB
HTML
---
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language: html
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filename: learnhtml.txt
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contributors:
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- ["Christophe THOMAS", "https://github.com/WinChris"]
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translators:
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- ["Robert Steed", "https://github.com/robochat"]
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- ["Dimitri Kokkonis", "https://github.com/kokkonisd"]
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---
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HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language.
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It is a language which allows us to write pages for the World Wide Web.
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It is a markup language, it enables us to write webpages using code to indicate
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how text and data should be displayed. In fact, HTML files are simple text
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files.
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What is this markup? It is a method of organising the page's data by
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surrounding it with opening tags and closing tags. This markup serves to give
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significance to the text that it encloses. Like other computer languages, HTML
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has many versions. Here we will talk about HTML5.
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**NOTE :** You can test the different tags and elements as you progress through
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the tutorial on a site like [codepen](http://codepen.io/pen/) in order to see
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their effects, understand how they work and familiarise yourself with the
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language. This article is concerned principally with HTML syntax and some
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useful tips.
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```html
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<!-- Comments are enclosed like this line! -->
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<!--
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Comments
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can
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span
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multiple
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lines!
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-->
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<!-- #################### The Tags #################### -->
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<!-- Here is an example HTML file that we are going to analyse. -->
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<!doctype html>
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<html>
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<head>
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<title>My Site</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1>Hello, world!</h1>
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<a href="http://codepen.io/anon/pen/xwjLbZ">
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Come look at what this shows
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</a>
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<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
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<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
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<ul>
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<li>This is an item in a non-enumerated list (bullet list)</li>
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<li>This is another item</li>
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<li>And this is the last item on the list</li>
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</ul>
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</body>
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</html>
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<!--
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An HTML file always starts by indicating to the browser that the page is HTML.
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-->
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<!doctype html>
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<!-- After this, it starts by opening an <html> tag. -->
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<html>
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<!-- that will be closed at the end of the file with </html>. -->
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</html>
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<!-- Nothing should appear after this final tag. -->
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<!-- Inside (between the opening and closing tags <html></html>), we find: -->
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<!-- A header defined by <head> (it must be closed with </head>). -->
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<!--
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The header contains some description and additional information which are not
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displayed; this is metadata.
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-->
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<head>
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<!--
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The tag <title> indicates to the browser the title to show in browser
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window's title bar and tab name.
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-->
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<title>My Site</title>
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</head>
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<!-- After the <head> section, we find the tag - <body> -->
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<!-- Until this point, nothing described will show up in the browser window. -->
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<!-- We must fill the body with the content to be displayed. -->
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<body>
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<!-- The h1 tag creates a title. -->
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<h1>Hello, world!</h1>
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<!--
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There are also subtitles to <h1> from the most important (h2) to the most
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precise (h6).
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-->
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<!-- a hyperlink to the url given by the attribute href="" -->
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<a href="http://codepen.io/anon/pen/xwjLbZ">
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Come look at what this shows
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</a>
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<!-- The tag <p> lets us include text in the html page. -->
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<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
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<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
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<!-- The tag <ul> creates a bullet list. -->
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<!--
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To have a numbered list instead we would use <ol> giving 1. for the first
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element, 2. for the second, etc.
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-->
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<ul>
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<li>This is an item in a non-enumerated list (bullet list)</li>
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<li>This is another item</li>
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<li>And this is the last item on the list</li>
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</ul>
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</body>
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<!-- And that's it, creating an HTML file can be simple. -->
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<!-- But it is possible to add many additional types of HTML tags. -->
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<!-- The <img /> tag is used to insert an image. -->
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<!--
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The source of the image is indicated using the attribute src=""
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The source can be an URL or even path to a file on your computer.
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-->
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<img src="http://i.imgur.com/XWG0O.gif"/>
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<!-- It is also possible to create a table. -->
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<!-- We open a <table> element. -->
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<table>
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<!-- <tr> allows us to create a row. -->
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<tr>
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<!-- <th> allows us to give a title to a table column. -->
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<th>First Header</th>
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<th>Second Header</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<!-- <td> allows us to create a table cell. -->
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<td>first row, first column</td>
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<td>first row, second column</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>second row, first column</td>
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<td>second row, second column</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<!-- ################ Additional Tags ################# -->
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<!-- In addition to the first example, here are some more common HTML element tags. -->
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<head>
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<!-- <meta> describes metadata. -->
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<!-- We define the content-type and the viewport. -->
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<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
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<!--
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Enhance your HTML with JavaScript and CSS.
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Javascript allows interaction between the user and the page.
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CSS (Cascading Style Sheet) tells how to display HTML elements in the browser.
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-->
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<!-- External JavaScript file -->
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<script src='scripts.js'></script>
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<!-- Inline JavaScript code -->
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<script>
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console.log('Hello world')
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</script>
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<!-- External CSS file -->
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<link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet">
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<!-- Inline CSS -->
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<style>
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html, body {
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margin: 0px;
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}
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</style>
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</head>
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<!-- <div> is a simple block container that can contains other elements. -->
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<!-- <br> adds a line break. -->
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<div>
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First line.<br>Second line.<br>
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<i>italics</i> <b>bold</b> <u>underline</u>
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</div>
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<!-- An HTML form. -->
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<form method="post" action="action.php" id="myForm">
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Post title: <input name="name" type="text"><br>
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Category:
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<select name="category">
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<option selected="selected" value="general">General</option>
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<option value="js">Javascript</option>
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<option value="html">HTML</option>
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</select><br>
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Post language:
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<label><input checked="checked" name="lang" type="radio" value="markdown"> Markdown</label>
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<label><input name="lang" type="radio" value="html"> HTML</label><br>
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<textarea name="post">Post content</textarea><br>
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</form>
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<button type="submit" form="myForm" value="Submit">Submit</button>
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<!-- Iframe embeds another HTML page into the current one. -->
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<iframe src="https://www.openstreetmap.org/export/embed.html">
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</iframe>
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```
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## Usage
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HTML is written in files ending with `.html` or `.htm`. The mime type is
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`text/html`.
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**HTML is NOT a programming language**
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## To Learn More
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* [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML)
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* [HTML Tutorial](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML)
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* [W3Schools](http://www.w3schools.com/html/html_intro.asp)
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