learnxinyminutes-docs/de-de/vim-de.html.markdown

category: tool tool: vim lang = de-de contributors: - ["RadhikaG", "https://github.com/RadhikaG"] translators: - ["caminsha", "https://github.com/caminsha"] filename: LearnVim-de.txt

Vim (Vi IMproved) ist ein Klon von vi, dem bekannten Editor für Unix. Es ist ein Texteditor, welcher mit Fokus auf Geschwindigkeit und Prouktivität entwickelt wurde. Vim hat viele Keybindings für ein schnelles navigieren und schnelles bearbeiten einer Datei.

Grundlagen, um in Vim zu navigieren

    vim <filename>   # Öffne <filename> in Vim
    :help <topic>    # Open up built-in help docs about <topic> if any exists
    :q               # Schliesse vim
    :w               # Speichere diese Datei
    :wq              # Speichere diese Datei und schliesse vim
    ZZ               # Speichere diese Datei und schliesse vim
    :q!              # Schliesse vim ohne die Datei zu speichern
                     # ! *zwingt* die Ausführung von :q,
                     # daher wird die Datei nicht gespeichert.
    ZQ               # Beende vim ohne die Datei zu speichern
    :x               # Speichere die Datei und beende vim
                     # Dies ist eine kürzere Version von :wq

    u                # Änderung rückgängig machen
    CTRL+R           # Änderung wiederherstellen

    h                # Den Cursor um ein Zeichen nach links bewegen
    j                # Den Cursor eine Zeile nach unten bewegen
    k                # Den Cursor eine Zeile nach oben bewegen
    l                # Den Cursor um ein Zeichen nach rechts bewegen

    Ctrl+B 	         # Gehe eine Bildschirmanzeige zurück
    Ctrl+F 	         # Gehe eine Bildschirmanzeige vorwärts
    Ctrl+D 	         # Gehe eine halbe Bildschirmanzeige vorwärts
    Ctrl+U           # Gehe eine halbe Bildschirmanzeige zurück

    # Navigieren innerhalb einer Zeile

    0                # Navigiere zum Anfang der Zeile
    $                # Navigiere zum Ende der Zeile
    ^                # Navigiere zum ersten Zeichen, welchen kein Leerzeichen ist

    # Im Text suchen

    /word            # Hebt alle Ergebnisse nach dem Cursor hervor
    ?word            # Hebt alle Ergebnisse vor dem Cursor hervor
    n                # Bewegt den Cursor zum nächsten Ergebnis nach der Suche
    N                # Bewegt den Cursor zum vorherigen Ergebnis der Suche

    :%s/foo/bar/g    # Ersetze "foo" durch "bar" in allen Zeilen
    :s/foo/bar/g     # Ersetze "foo" durch "bar" in der aktuellen Zeile
    :%s/\n/\r/g      # Replace new line characters with new line characters

    # Jumping to characters

    f<character>     # Jump forward and land on <character>
    t<character>     # Jump forward and land right before <character>

    # For example,
    f<               # Jump forward and land on <
    t<               # Jump forward and land right before <

    # Moving by word

    w                # Move forward by one word
    b                # Move back by one word
    e                # Move to end of current word

    # Other characters for moving around

    gg               # Go to the top of the file
    G                # Go to the bottom of the file
    :NUM             # Go to line number NUM (NUM is any number)
    H                # Move to the top of the screen
    M                # Move to the middle of the screen
    L                # Move to the bottom of the screen

Help docs:

Vim has built in help documentation that can accessed with :help <topic>. For example :help navigation will pull up documentation about how to navigate your workspace!

:help can also be used without an option. This will bring up a default help dialog that aims to make getting started with vim more approachable!

Modes:

Vim is based on the concept on modes.

• Command Mode - vim starts up in this mode, used to navigate and write commands
• Insert Mode - used to make changes in your file
• Visual Mode - used to highlight text and do operations to them
• Ex Mode - used to drop down to the bottom with the ':' prompt to enter commands

    i                # Puts vim into insert mode, before the cursor position
    a                # Puts vim into insert mode, after the cursor position
    v                # Puts vim into visual mode
    :                # Puts vim into ex mode
    <esc>            # 'Escapes' from whichever mode you're in, into Command mode

    # Copying and pasting text

    y                # Yank whatever is selected
    yy               # Yank the current line
    d                # Delete whatever is selected
    dd               # Delete the current line
    p                # Paste the copied text after the current cursor position
    P                # Paste the copied text before the current cursor position
    x                # Deleting character under current cursor position

The 'Grammar' of vim

Vim can be thought of as a set of commands in a 'Verb-Modifier-Noun' format, where:

• Verb - your action
• Modifier - how you're doing your action
• Noun - the object on which your action acts on

A few important examples of 'Verbs', 'Modifiers', and 'Nouns':

    # 'Verbs'

    d                # Delete
    c                # Change
    y                # Yank (copy)
    v                # Visually select

    # 'Modifiers'

    i                # Inside
    a                # Around
    NUM              # Number (NUM is any number)
    f                # Searches for something and lands on it
    t                # Searches for something and stops before it
    /                # Finds a string from cursor onwards
    ?                # Finds a string before cursor

    # 'Nouns'

    w                # Word
    s                # Sentence
    p                # Paragraph
    b                # Block

    # Sample 'sentences' or commands

    d2w              # Delete 2 words
    cis              # Change inside sentence
    yip              # Yank inside paragraph (copy the para you're in)
    ct<              # Change to open bracket
                     # Change the text from where you are to the next open bracket
    d$               # Delete till end of line

Some shortcuts and tricks

    <!--TODO: Add more!-->

    >                # Indent selection by one block
    <                # Dedent selection by one block
    :earlier 15m     # Reverts the document back to how it was 15 minutes ago
    :later 15m       # Reverse above command
    ddp              # Swap position of consecutive lines, dd then p
    .                # Repeat previous action
    :w !sudo tee %   # Save the current file as root
    :set syntax=c    # Set syntax highlighting to 'c'
    :sort            # Sort all lines
    :sort!           # Sort all lines in reverse
    :sort u          # Sort all lines and remove duplicates
    ~                # Toggle letter case of selected text
    u                # Selected text to lower case
    U                # Selected text to upper case
    
    # Fold text
    zf               # Create fold from selected text
    zo               # Open current fold
    zc               # Close current fold
    zR               # Open all folds
    zM               # Close all folds

Macros

Macros are basically recordable actions. When you start recording a macro, it records every action and command you use, until you stop recording. On invoking a macro, it applies the exact same sequence of actions and commands again on the text selection.

    qa               # Start recording a macro named 'a'
    q                # Stop recording
    @a               # Play back the macro

Configuring ~/.vimrc

The .vimrc file can be used to configure Vim on startup.

Here's a sample ~/.vimrc file:

" Example ~/.vimrc
" 2015.10

" Required for vim to be iMproved
set nocompatible

" Determines filetype from name to allow intelligent auto-indenting, etc.
filetype indent plugin on

" Enable syntax highlighting
syntax on

" Better command-line completion
set wildmenu

" Use case insensitive search except when using capital letters
set ignorecase
set smartcase

" When opening a new line and no file-specific indenting is enabled,
" keep same indent as the line you're currently on
set autoindent

" Display line numbers on the left
set number

" Indentation options, change according to personal preference

" Number of visual spaces per TAB
set tabstop=4

" Number of spaces in TAB when editing
set softtabstop=4

" Number of spaces indented when reindent operations (>> and <<) are used
set shiftwidth=4

" Convert TABs to spaces
set expandtab

" Enable intelligent tabbing and spacing for indentation and alignment
set smarttab

References

Vim | Home

$ vimtutor

A vim Tutorial and Primer

What are the dark corners of Vim your mom never told you about? (Stack Overflow thread)

Arch Linux Wiki