learnxinyminutes-docs/fr-fr/typescript-fr.html.markdown

language	contributors	translators	filename	lang
TypeScript	Philippe Vlérick https://github.com/pvlerick	Alois de Gouvello https://github.com/aloisdg	learntypescript-fr.ts	fr-fr

TypeScript est un langage visant à faciliter le developpement d'applications large et scalable écrite en JavaScript. TypeScript ajoute des concepts classiques comme les classes, les modules, les interfaces, les génériques et le typage statique (optionel) à JavaScript. C'est une surcouche à JavaScript: tout le code JavaScript est valide en TypeScript ce qui permet de l'ajouter de façon transparente à n'importe quel projet. Le compilateur TypeScript émet du JavaScript.

Cet article se concentrera seulement sur la syntaxe supplémentaire de TypeScript, plutôt que celle de [JavaScript] (../javascript/).

Pour tester le compilateur de TypeScript, rendez-vous au [Playground] (http://www.typescriptlang.org/Playground) où vous pourrez coder, profiter d'une autocomplétion et voir directement le rendu JavaScript.

// Il y a 3 types basiques en in TypeScript
var isDone: boolean = false;
var lines: number = 42;
var name: string = "Anders";

// Quand c'est impossible de savoir, il ya le type `Any`
var notSure: any = 4;
notSure = "maybe a string instead";
notSure = false; // ok, définitvement un booléen

// Pour les collections, il y a les tableaux typés et les tableaux génériques
var list: number[] = [1, 2, 3]; // Un tableaux typé
var list: Array<number> = [1, 2, 3]; // un tableau générique

// Pour les énumeration
enum Color {Red, Green, Blue};
var c: Color = Color.Green;

// Enfin, `void` est utilisé dans le cas spécifique d'une fonction ne retournant rien
function bigHorribleAlert(): void {
  alert("I'm a little annoying box!");
}

// Functions are first class citizens, support the lambda "fat arrow" syntax and
// use type inference

// The following are equivalent, the same signature will be infered by the
// compiler, and same JavaScript will be emitted
var f1 = function(i: number): number { return i * i; }
// Return type inferred
var f2 = function(i: number) { return i * i; }
var f3 = (i: number): number => { return i * i; }
// Return type inferred
var f4 = (i: number) => { return i * i; }
// Return type inferred, one-liner means no return keyword needed
var f5 = (i: number) =>  i * i;

// Interfaces are structural, anything that has the properties is compliant with
// the interface
interface Person {
  name: string;
  // Optional properties, marked with a "?"
  age?: number;
  // And of course functions
  move(): void;
}

// Object that implements the "Person" interface
// Can be treated as a Person since it has the name and move properties
var p: Person = { name: "Bobby", move: () => {} };
// Objects that have the optional property:
var validPerson: Person = { name: "Bobby", age: 42, move: () => {} };
// Is not a person because age is not a number
var invalidPerson: Person = { name: "Bobby", age: true };

// Interfaces can also describe a function type
interface SearchFunc {
  (source: string, subString: string): boolean;
}
// Only the parameters' types are important, names are not important.
var mySearch: SearchFunc;
mySearch = function(src: string, sub: string) {
  return src.search(sub) != -1;
}

// Classes - members are public by default
class Point {
  // Properties
    x: number;

    // Constructor - the public/private keywords in this context will generate
    // the boiler plate code for the property and the initialization in the
    // constructor.
    // In this example, "y" will be defined just like "x" is, but with less code
    // Default values are also supported

    constructor(x: number, public y: number = 0) {
        this.x = x;
    }

    // Functions
    dist() { return Math.sqrt(this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y); }

    // Static members
    static origin = new Point(0, 0);
}

var p1 = new Point(10 ,20);
var p2 = new Point(25); //y will be 0

// Inheritance
class Point3D extends Point {
    constructor(x: number, y: number, public z: number = 0) {
        super(x, y); // Explicit call to the super class constructor is mandatory
    }

    // Overwrite
    dist() {
        var d = super.dist();
        return Math.sqrt(d * d + this.z * this.z);
    }
}

// Modules, "." can be used as separator for sub modules
module Geometry {
  export class Square {
    constructor(public sideLength: number = 0) {
    }
    area() {
      return Math.pow(this.sideLength, 2);
    }
  }
}

var s1 = new Geometry.Square(5);

// Local alias for referencing a module
import G = Geometry;

var s2 = new G.Square(10);

// Generics
// Classes
class Tuple<T1, T2> {
    constructor(public item1: T1, public item2: T2) {
    }
}

// Interfaces
interface Pair<T> {
    item1: T;
    item2: T;
}

// And functions
var pairToTuple = function<T>(p: Pair<T>) {
    return new Tuple(p.item1, p.item2);
};

var tuple = pairToTuple({ item1:"hello", item2:"world"});

// Including references to a definition file:
/// <reference path="jquery.d.ts" />

Lectures complémentaires

• [Site officiel de TypeScript] (http://www.typescriptlang.org/)
• [Spécification du langage TypeScript (pdf)] (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=267238)
• [Anders Hejlsberg - Introducing TypeScript on Channel 9] (http://channel9.msdn.com/posts/Anders-Hejlsberg-Introducing-TypeScript)
• [Code source sur GitHub] (https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript)
• [Definitely Typed - repository for type definitions] (http://definitelytyped.org/)